1、Designation: C1601 11Standard Test Method forField Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry WallSurfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the field determination of waterpenetration of a masonry wall surface under specific water flow
3、rate and air pressure conditions. This test is intended for use onany masonry wall surface that can be properly instrumentedand tested within the requirements of this standard.1.2 This test method is not identical to and the results arenot the same as the laboratory standard Test Method E514.1.3 Thi
4、s test method evaluates the surface water penetra-tion, which is not the same as through-wall water penetrationevaluated by Test Method E514.1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provi
5、ded for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, or equipment. This standard does not purport to addressall of the safety problems associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-p
6、riate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1232 Terminology of MasonryE514 Test Method for Water Penetration and LeakageThrough Masonry3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 surface water penetrat
7、ion, nwater that passesthrough the exterior face of the masonry.3.1.2 through-wall water penetration, nsurface water thatpenetrates through a wall and exits the interior face of themasonry.3.1.3 water penetration, nwater that passes into orthrough the masonry.3.1.4 wind-driven rain, nrain water that
8、 is directedagainst the surface of the wall by wind.3.2 For additional definitions of terms used in this testmethod, refer to Terminology C1232.4. Significance and Use4.1 This non-destructive test method contains proceduresand equipment requirements to quantitatively determine thesurface penetration
9、 of water at a single location on a masonrywall. It is not designed to determine the overall water penetra-tion and leakage of a masonry system.4.2 Excessive water penetration of masonry may degrademasonry wall performance with respect to thermal conductiv-ity, durability, efflorescence, staining, c
10、orrosion of embeddedmetal items, and water leakage.4.3 This test may be used to evaluate masonry walls in-situor for field mock-up testing. Common applications of thismethod have been comparison of water penetration rates ofwalls before and after repairs, and testing the efficacy ofcoatings. Alterna
11、tive procedures are also provided to simulatethe effect of local climatology on water penetration of masonrywall surfaces.4.4 The outer surface of all masonry walls will experiencewater penetration when subjected to wind-driven rain. Theresistance to water penetration is dependent on materials,workm
12、anship, design, and maintenance. Some wall typesaccommodate large volumes of water penetration, withoutdeleterious effects, through the presence of properly designedand installed drainage systems including flashing and weepholes. Use of this standard without consideration of the overallwall system m
13、ay lead to incorrect conclusions regardingperformance.4.5 It is the intent of this standard that a sheet of water bedeveloped and maintained on the wall surface during testing. Insome cases, due to the surface texture of the masonry, theapplication of a coating, or other factors, a sheet of water wi
14、ll1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.04 on Research.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2011. Published January 2012. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C1
15、601 10. DOI:10.1520/C1601-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section a
16、ppears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.not consistently form. In those cases, results of this test methodwill likely be inaccurate.4.6 This test method is similar to but distinct from thelab
17、oratory Test Method E514. This field test method is de-signed to test in-situ walls. E514 laboratory test method isdesigned to test laboratory wall specimens. This test methoddetermines water penetration of the masonry at its surface. TestMethod E514 measures the water that has penetrated into andth
18、rough the masonry specimen and is collected. Results fromTest Method C1601 and Test Method E514 are not the same.5. Apparatus5.1 Test ChamberUse a test chamber similar to thatshown in Fig. 1. Provide a rectangular opening with aminimum area of 12 ft2(1.08 m2) with a minimum dimensionof 24 in. (0.6 m
19、) for each side of the opening (Note 1). Seal thecontact surface between the frame of the chamber and the testarea to prevent loss of water and maintain air pressure. Coverthe face of the chamber with a tough, transparent materialcapable of withstanding the test pressure (Note 2). Provide a34-in. (1
20、9-mm) diameter, corrosion-resistant, water spray pipewith a single line of 0.04-in. (1.0-mm) diameter holes spaced 1in. (25 mm) apart, starting within 1 in. (25 mm) of each end(Note 3). Position the water spray pipe within the chamber sothat the water impinges the wall perpendicular to the wall notm
21、ore than 1.5 in. (40 mm) below the interior top of the testchamber.NOTE 1A size of 36 in. (0.9 m) wide and 48 in. (1.2 m) high iscommon.NOTE 2Transparent plastic sheets316 to14 inch (5 to 6 mm) thickhave been shown to perform well. Plexiglast and Lexant are twoproducts that have been used.NOTE 3Clea
22、n-outs at the end of the spray bar to facilitate cleaning thespray bar are common.5.2 Fixtures and Appurtenances to ChamberFixtures andappurtenances to the chamber include an air line with manom-eter or pressure gauge able to read air pressure to within 0.50lb/ft2(24 Pa), a water line with valves, a
23、 flow meter in thewater supply line able to read flow within 0.02 gpm (4.5 L/h),and a water drain pipe at the bottom of the chamber. The wateris stored in a calibrated reservoir with a minimum volume of 3gal. (13 L), with graduations to allow readings within 0.015 gal(0.055 L) (Note 4). Pump water f
24、rom the reservoir to the spraybar. Return water which drains from the bottom of the chamberdirectly to the reservoir.NOTE 4Use of a cylindrical reservoir having dimensions of approxi-mately 4 to 8 inches (100 to 200 mm) in diameter by 5 ft. (1.5 m) or talleris common.5.3 Other equipment includes dev
25、ices for handling andmounting the chamber and measuring time, water quantities,and ambient temperature.6. Hazards6.1 The use of this test method requires careful design ofboth air chamber and support of the wall system to avoidpossible injury due to equipment or masonry failure. Assurethat the chamb
26、er and its attachment to the wall are adequate forthe applied pressures during testing.FIG. 1 Water Surface Penetration Test SystemC1601 1126.2 Water penetration resulting from this test can causesaturation of adjacent materials and leakage into occupiedspaces of the buildings. Take into considerati
27、on the effects ofpotential water infiltration and leakage.7. Procedure7.1 Mounting ChamberAttach the test chamber with me-chanical fasteners using sufficient pressure to form an air- andwater-resistant seal (Note 5).NOTE 5Use of a gasket or sealant at the contact surface is common.7.2 SealingIf need
28、ed, apply a perimeter sealant betweenthe chamber and wall surface to ensure that leakage does notoccur at the interface. Allow the sealant to cure sufficiently toensure adequate bond and water resistance.7.3 Standard Test ConditionsPerform this test using awater flow rate of 3.4 gal/ft2/h (138 L/m2/
29、h) and an air pressureof 10 lb/ft2(500 Pa). The test duration shall be not less than 4h after the preconditioning period.7.3.1 Application of Air Pressure and Water FlowAdjustthe water flow rate to 3.4 gal/ft2/h (138 L/m2/h) times the areaof the chamber opening. Simultaneously, increase the airpress
30、ure within the chamber to 10 lb/ft2(500 Pa). Check forleakage from the perimeter of the chamber. If leakage occurs,stop the test, reseal, and re-start the procedure.7.3.2 PreconditioningMaintain the water flow rate andpressure specified in 7.3 for 30 min prior to starting the test.7.4 During the tes
31、t, note the flow pattern of the water overthe masonry surface. If a complete sheet of water is observed,report it as “sheet flow”. If the water runs down the surface inpatterned or random rivuleted streams or in any other mannerthat leaves portions of the wall surface un-wetted, report it as“incompl
32、ete sheet flow” and document the pattern of flow withsketches drawn to scale. Monitor the water flow pattern duringthe testing and report any changes.NOTE 6It is the intent of this standard that a sheet of water bedeveloped and maintained on the wall surface during testing. In somecases, due to the
33、surface texture of the masonry, the application of acoating, or other factors, a sheet of water will not consistently form. Inthose cases, results of this test method will likely be inaccurate.7.5 Alternate Test ConditionsSpecial condition testingspecified to model different water flow rates or cham
34、ber airpressures are acceptable. Procedures for specifying the testingparameters using local climatological data are provided in 7.5.1and 7.5.2.NOTE 7Pre-conditioning is not required and is often not desirablewhen using alternative test conditions, as initial data from the start of thewater flow and
35、 air pressure may be useful.7.5.1 Testing Parameter Determination Using LocalWeather DataThis procedure utilizes local weather data(wind speeds and rainfall intensity) to produce testing param-eters (water flow rate, air pressure, and duration of test) forwater chamber testing of vertical surfaces.
36、The conversion isaccomplished using a numerical approach. The weather datacan be obtained from various sources, including the NationalClimatological Data Center. This procedure does not addressthe methods used to select weather data nor does it address thesignificance of using those data in chamber
37、testing.7.5.2 Water Flow Rates and Air Pressures7.5.2.1 Determine the angle of rainfall, u, for each timeperiod using wind speed, rainfall intensity, and interpolatingusing values in Table 1.Atime period is the length of time overwhich the water and air pressures are held constant. A test mayconsist
38、 of one or more time periods.7.5.2.2 Calculate water flow rate for each period using:Q05 0.0104 I tanu A (1)where:Q0= water flow rate (gpm)I = rainfall intensity (in/h)u = rainfall angle, measured from vertical (degrees)A = area of test chamber opening (ft2)The flow rate, Q0, shall not be less than
39、that required toproduce streams of water from the spray bar which impact thesurface of the test area.7.5.2.3 Determine the air pressure for each period:P05 0.00256V2(2)where:P0= air pressure (lb/ft2)V = wind speed (mph)7.5.3 Duration of TestTABLE 1 Angle of Rainfall, u, in Degrees Measured from Vert
40、ical, for Selected Wind Speeds and Rainfall IntensitiesWindSpeed, V(mph)Rainfall Intensity, / (in/h)0.01 0.04 0.16 0.60 1.60 4.00 10.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01.5 41.3 19.2 9.9 7.2 5.5 4.2 3.93 60.8 34.6 19.3 14.2 10.8 8.4 7.85 71.7 48.8 30.1 22.9 17.6 13.9 12.97.5 77.7 59.7 40.9 32.2 25.4 20.3
41、 18.910 80.9 66.6 49.2 40.1 32.3 26.3 24.515 83.8 73.6 59.7 51.2 43.2 36.3 34.220 85.4 77.7 66.6 59.1 51.5 44.4 42.225 86.4 80.2 71.0 64.6 57.6 50.9 48.635 87.4 82.9 76.0 71.0 65.3 59.5 57.550 88.1 85.0 80.0 76.4 72.1 67.5 65.875 88.8 86.6 83.3 80.7 77.7 74.4 73.2C1601 1137.5.3.1 Real-Time Tests: Us
42、e the time duration of theweather data to be simulated, water flow rates and air pressuresfor each period within the duration as determined in 7.5.2.2 and7.5.2.3.7.5.3.2 Compressed Time Tests: Use shorter time periodsthan actual weather data and modified water flow rates and airpressures based on th
43、e shortened periods. Determine the flowrate for each period using:Q 5 Q0D0D(3)where:Q = water flow rate (gpm)Q0= the water flow rate from Eq 1 (gpm)D = the duration to be used for the test (h)D0= the duration of weather data to be simulated (h)Determine air pressure for each period using:P 5 P0 SD0D
44、D2(4)where:P = air pressure (lb/ft2)P0= the air pressure from Eq 2 (lb/ft2)7.5.3.2.1 The test pressure, P, shall not exceed that capacityof the chamber and its anchorage to the wall.7.5.3.3 For tests involving multiple compressed time peri-ods, maintain the same number of periods for the compressedt
45、est as for the weather data to be simulated.7.5.3.4 Check for leakage from the perimeter of the cham-ber. If leakage occurs, stop the test, reseal, and re-start theprocedure.8. Record of ObservationsMake observations and measurements during the pre-conditioning and each test period as follows:8.1 Re
46、cord the initial water flow rate, air pressure within thechamber, and water level within the reservoir at the beginningof the test after the specified preconditioning period.8.2 Report the water flow pattern as described in 7.4.8.3 Record the water level in the reservoir, air pressure, andwater flow
47、 rate at the beginning of, at the end of, and at5-minute (maximum) intervals throughout each test period.8.4 Record the amount and time at which water is added toreplenish the reservoir. Simultaneously, record the new waterlevel with each addition of water to the reservoir.8.5 Note and photograph vi
48、sible lateral and vertical migra-tion of dampness outside the chamber. Note leakage fromadjacent areas. Note signs of interior moisture or leakagewhere accessible. Note any interruptions in testing includinglength of time and reason.9. Calculations9.1 Calculate water loss, to the nearest 0.025 gal (
49、0.1 L),from the reservoir at each recorded time interval.9.2 Plot the loss of water versus time.9.3 Calculate surface penetration in gal/ft2/hr (L/m2/hr) foreach period of testing by performing a linear regression fitusing all data for that period versus time and dividing the rateof water loss by the area of the chamber opening.10. ReportReport the following:10.1 The project name and address of the building;10.2 Date, time, and temperature during the test;10.3 Dates and results of previous tests of same area, ifapplicable;10.4 Name(s) and address(es) of indi
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