1、Designation: C1601 14aStandard Test Method forField Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry WallSurfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the field determination of waterpenetration of a masonry wall surface under specific water flo
3、wrate and air pressure conditions. This test is intended for use onany masonry wall surface that can be properly instrumentedand tested within the requirements of this standard. This testmethod is not identical to and the results are not the same aslaboratory standard Test Method E514/E514M. Test Me
4、thodE514/E514M measures through-wall water penetration,whereas this test method only measures surface water penetra-tion.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information
5、onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials,operations, or equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety problems associated with its use. It isthe responsibility of the user of this standard to establishappropriate safety and health
6、practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1232 Terminology of MasonryE514/E514M Test Method for Water Penetration and Leak-age Through Masonry3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 dampn
7、ess, nvisual change in the appearance of amaterial due to the presence of water.3.1.2 surface water penetration, npassage of waterthrough the exterior face of the masonry.3.1.3 through-wall water penetration, npassage of waterthrough a wall and appearance of water on the interior face ofthe masonry.
8、3.1.4 water penetration, nwater that passes into orthrough the masonry.3.1.5 wind-driven rain, nrain water that is directed againstthe surface of the wall by wind.3.2 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer toTerminology C1232.4. Significance and Use4.1 This non-destructive test met
9、hod contains proceduresand equipment requirements to quantitatively determine thesurface penetration of water at a single location on a masonrywall. It is not designed to determine the overall water penetra-tion and leakage of a masonry system.4.2 Excessive water penetration of masonry may degradema
10、sonry wall performance with respect to thermalconductivity, durability, efflorescence, staining, corrosion ofembedded metal items, and water leakage.4.3 This test may be used to evaluate masonry walls in-situor for field mock-up testing. Common applications of thismethod have been comparison of wate
11、r penetration rates ofwalls before and after repairs, and testing the efficacy ofcoatings. Alternative procedures are also provided to simulatethe effect of local climatology on water penetration of masonrywall surfaces.4.4 The outer surface of all masonry walls will experiencewater penetration when
12、 subjected to wind-driven rain. Theresistance to water penetration is dependent on materials,workmanship, design, and maintenance. Some wall typesaccommodate large volumes of water penetration, withoutdeleterious effects, through the presence of properly designedand installed drainage systems includ
13、ing flashing and weepholes. Use of this standard without consideration of the overallwall system may lead to incorrect conclusions regardingperformance.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.0
14、4 on Research.Current edition approved July 1, 2014. Published July 2014. Originally approvedin 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C1601 14. DOI: 10.1520/C1601-14A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. F
15、or Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.5 I
16、t is the intent of this standard that a sheet of water bedeveloped and maintained on the wall surface during testing. Insome cases, due to the surface texture of the masonry, theapplication of a coating, or other factors, a sheet of water willnot consistently form. In those cases, results of this te
17、st methodwill likely be inaccurate.4.6 This test method is similar to but distinct from thelaboratory Test Method E514/E514M. This field test method isdesigned to test in-situ walls. E514/E514M laboratory testmethod is designed to test laboratory wall specimens. This testmethod determines water pene
18、tration of the masonry at itssurface. Test Method E514/E514M measures the water that haspenetrated into and through the masonry specimen and iscollected. Results from Test Method C1601 and Test MethodE514/E514M are not the same.5. Apparatus5.1 Test ChamberUse a test chamber similar to that shownin F
19、ig. 1. Provide a rectangular opening with a minimum areaof 12 ft2(1.08 m2) with a minimum dimension of 24 in. (0.6 m)for each side of the opening (Note 1). Seal the contact surfacebetween the frame of the chamber and the test area to preventloss of water and maintain air pressure. Cover the face of
20、thechamber with a tough, transparent material capable of with-standing the test pressure (Note 2). Provide a34-in. (19-mm)diameter, corrosion-resistant, water spray pipe with a singleline of 0.04-in. (1.0-mm) diameter holes spaced 1 in. (25 mm)apart, starting within 1 in. (25 mm) of each end (Note 3
21、).Position the water spray pipe within the chamber so that thewater impinges the wall perpendicular to the wall not morethan 1.5 in. (40 mm) below the interior top of the test chamber.NOTE 1A size of 36 in. (0.9 m) wide and 48 in. (1.2 m) high iscommon.NOTE 2Transparent plastic sheets316 to14 inch (
22、5 to 6 mm) thickhave been shown to perform well. Plexiglas and Lexan are twoproducts that have been used.NOTE 3Clean-outs at the end of the spray bar to facilitate cleaning thespray bar are common.5.2 Fixtures and Appurtenances to ChamberFixtures andappurtenances to the chamber include an air line w
23、ith manom-eter or pressure gauge able to read air pressure to within 0.50lb/ft2(24 Pa), a water line with valves, a flow meter in thewater supply line able to read flow within 0.02 gpm (4.5 L/h),and a water drain pipe at the bottom of the chamber. The wateris stored in a calibrated reservoir with a
24、minimum volume of 3gal. (13 L), with graduations to allow readings within 0.015 gal(0.055 L) (Note 4). Pump water from the reservoir to the spraybar. Return water which drains from the bottom of the chamberdirectly to the reservoir.NOTE 4Use of a cylindrical reservoir having dimensions of approxi-ma
25、tely 4 to 8 inches (100 to 200 mm) in diameter by 5 ft. (1.5 m) or talleris common.5.3 Other equipment includes devices for handling andmounting the chamber and measuring time, water quantities,and ambient temperature.6. Hazards6.1 The use of this test method requires careful design ofboth air chamb
26、er and support of the wall system to avoidFIG. 1 Water Surface Penetration Test SystemC1601 14a2possible injury due to equipment or masonry failure. Assurethat the chamber and its attachment to the wall are adequate forthe applied pressures during testing.6.2 Water penetration resulting from this te
27、st can causesaturation of adjacent materials and leakage into occupiedspaces of the buildings. Take into consideration the effects ofpotential water infiltration and leakage.7. Procedure7.1 Mounting ChamberAttach the test chamber with me-chanical fasteners using sufficient pressure to form an air- a
28、ndwater-resistant seal (Note 5).NOTE 5Use of a gasket or sealant at the contact surface is common.7.2 SealingIf needed, apply a perimeter sealant betweenthe chamber and wall surface to ensure that leakage does notoccur at the interface. Allow the sealant to cure sufficiently toensure adequate bond a
29、nd water resistance.7.3 Standard Test ConditionsPerform this test using awater flow rate of 3.4 gal ft2/h (138 L/m2/h) and an air pressureof 10 lb/ft2(500 Pa). The test duration shall be not less than 4h after the preconditioning period.7.3.1 Application of Air Pressure and Water FlowAdjustthe water
30、 flow rate to 3.4 gal/ft2/h (138 L/m2/h) times the areaof the chamber opening. Simultaneously, increase the airpressure within the chamber to 10 lb/ft2(500 Pa). Check forleakage from the perimeter of the chamber. If leakage occurs,stop the test, reseal, and re-start the procedure.7.3.2 Preconditioni
31、ngMaintain the water flow rate andpressure specified in 7.3 for 30 min prior to starting the test.7.4 During the test, note the flow pattern of the water overthe masonry surface. If a complete sheet of water is observed,report it as “sheet flow”. If the water runs down the surface inpatterned or ran
32、dom rivuleted streams or in any other mannerthat leaves portions of the wall surface un-wetted, report it as“incomplete sheet flow” and document the pattern of flow withsketches drawn to scale. Monitor the water flow pattern duringthe testing and report any changes.NOTE 6It is the intent of this sta
33、ndard that a sheet of water bedeveloped and maintained on the wall surface during testing. In somecases, due to the surface texture of the masonry, the application of acoating, or other factors, a sheet of water will not consistently form. Inthose cases, results of this test method will likely be in
34、accurate.7.5 Alternate Test ConditionsSpecial condition testingspecified to model different water flow rates or chamber airpressures are acceptable. Procedures for specifying the testingparameters using local climatological data are provided in 7.5.1and 7.5.2.NOTE 7Pre-conditioning is not required a
35、nd is often not desirablewhen using alternative test conditions, as initial data from the start of thewater flow and air pressure may be useful.7.5.1 Testing Parameter Determination Using LocalWeather DataThis procedure utilizes local weather data(wind speeds and rainfall intensity) to produce testi
36、ng param-eters (water flow rate, air pressure, and duration of test) forwater chamber testing of vertical surfaces. The conversion isaccomplished using a numerical approach. The weather datacan be obtained from various sources, including the NationalClimatological Data Center. This procedure does no
37、t addressthe methods used to select weather data nor does it address thesignificance of using those data in chamber testing.7.5.2 Water Flow Rates and Air Pressures7.5.2.1 Determine the angle of rainfall, , for each timeperiod using wind speed, rainfall intensity, and interpolatingusing values in Ta
38、ble 1.Atime period is the length of time overwhich the water and air pressures are held constant. A test mayconsist of one or more time periods.7.5.2.2 Calculate water flow rate for each period using:Q05 0.0104 Itan A (1)where:Q0= water flow rate (gpm)I = rainfall intensity (in/h) = rainfall angle,
39、measured from vertical (degrees)A = area of test chamber opening (ft2)The flow rate, Q0, shall not be less than that required toproduce streams of water from the spray bar which impact thesurface of the test area.7.5.2.3 Determine the air pressure for each period:P05 0.00256V2(2)where:P0= air pressu
40、re (lb/ft2)V = wind speed (mph)7.5.3 Duration of TestTABLE 1 Angle of Rainfall, , in Degrees Measured from Vertical, for Selected Wind Speeds and Rainfall IntensitiesWindSpeed, V(mph)Rainfall Intensity, / (in/h)0.01 0.04 0.16 0.60 1.60 4.00 10.000 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01.5 41.3 19.2 9.9 7.2 5.5
41、 4.2 3.93 60.8 34.6 19.3 14.2 10.8 8.4 7.85 71.7 48.8 30.1 22.9 17.6 13.9 12.97.5 77.7 59.7 40.9 32.2 25.4 20.3 18.910 80.9 66.6 49.2 40.1 32.3 26.3 24.515 83.8 73.6 59.7 51.2 43.2 36.3 34.220 85.4 77.7 66.6 59.1 51.5 44.4 42.225 86.4 80.2 71.0 64.6 57.6 50.9 48.635 87.4 82.9 76.0 71.0 65.3 59.5 57.
42、550 88.1 85.0 80.0 76.4 72.1 67.5 65.875 88.8 86.6 83.3 80.7 77.7 74.4 73.2C1601 14a37.5.3.1 Real-Time Tests: Use the time duration of theweather data to be simulated, water flow rates and air pressuresfor each period within the duration as determined in 7.5.2.2 and7.5.2.3.7.5.3.2 Compressed Time Te
43、sts: Use shorter time periodsthan actual weather data and modified water flow rates and airpressures based on the shortened periods. Determine the flowrate for each period using:Q 5 Q0D0D(3)where:Q = water flow rate (gpm)Q0= the water flow rate from Eq 1 (gpm)D = the duration to be used for the test
44、 (h)D0= the duration of weather data to be simulated (h)Determine air pressure for each period using:P 5 P0SD0DD2(4)where:P = air pressure (lb/ft2)P0= the air pressure from Eq 2 (lb/ft2)7.5.3.2.1The test pressure, P, shall not exceed that capacity of thechamber and its anchorage to the wall.7.5.3.3
45、For tests involving multiple compressed timeperiods, maintain the same number of periods for the com-pressed test as for the weather data to be simulated.7.5.3.4 Check for leakage from the perimeter of the cham-ber. If leakage occurs, stop the test, reseal, and re-start theprocedure.8. Record of Obs
46、ervationsMake observations and measurements during the pre-conditioning and each test period as follows:8.1 Record the initial water flow rate, air pressure within thechamber, and water level within the reservoir at the beginningof the test after the specified preconditioning period.8.2 Report the w
47、ater flow pattern as described in 7.4.8.3 Record the water level in the reservoir, air pressure, andwater flow rate at the beginning of, at the end of, and at5-minute (maximum) intervals throughout each test period.8.4 Record the amount and time at which water is added toreplenish the reservoir. Sim
48、ultaneously, record the new waterlevel with each addition of water to the reservoir.8.5 Note and photograph visible lateral and vertical migra-tion of dampness outside the chamber. Note leakage fromadjacent areas. Note signs of interior moisture or leakagewhere accessible. Note any interruptions in
49、testing includinglength of time and reason.9. Calculations9.1 Calculate water loss, to the nearest 0.025 gal (0.1 L),from the reservoir at each recorded time interval.9.2 Plot the loss of water versus time.9.3 Calculate surface penetration in gal/ft2/hr (L/m2/hr) foreach period of testing by performing a linear regression fitusing all data for that period versus time and dividing the rateof water loss by the area of the chamber opening.10. ReportReport the following:10.1 The project name and address of the building;10.2 Date, time, and temperature du
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