1、Designation: C1609/C1609M 10Standard Test Method forFlexural Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (UsingBeam With Third-Point Loading)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1609/C1609M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method evaluates the flexural performance offiber-reinforced concrete usi
3、ng parameters derived from theload-deflection curve obtained by testing a simply supportedbeam under third-point loading using a closed-loop, servo-controlled testing system.1.2 This test method provides for the determination offirst-peak and peak loads and the corresponding stressescalculated by in
4、serting them in the formula for modulus ofrupture given in Eq 1. It also requires determination of residualloads at specified deflections, the corresponding residualstrengths calculated by inserting them in the formula formodulus of rupture given in Eq 1 (see Note 1). It provides fordetermination of
5、 specimen toughness based on the area underthe load-deflection curve up to a prescribed deflection (seeNote 2) and the corresponding equivalent flexural strengthratio.NOTE 1Residual strength is not a true stress but an engineering stresscomputed using simple engineering bending theory for linear ela
6、sticmaterials and gross (uncracked) section properties.NOTE 2Specimen toughness expressed in terms of the area under theload-deflection curve is an indication of the energy absorption capabilityof the particular test specimen, and its magnitude depends directly on thegeometry of the test specimen an
7、d the loading configuration.1.3 This test method utilizes two preferred specimen sizesof 100 by 100 by 350 mm 4 by 4 by 14 in. tested on a 300 mm12 in. span, or 150 by 150 by 500 mm 6 by 6 by 20 in.tested on a 450 mm 18 in. span. A specimen size differentfrom the two preferred specimen sizes is perm
8、issible.1.4 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-co
9、nformance with the standard.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations
10、prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing DrilledCores and Sawed Beams of ConcreteC78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (UsingSimple Beam with Third-Poi
11、nt Loading)C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing ConcreteTest Specimens in the LaboratoryC823 Practice for Examination and Sampling of HardenedConcrete in ConstructionsC1140 Practice fo
12、r Preparing and Testing Specimens fromShotcrete Test Panels3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms used in this test method aredefined in Terminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 end-point deflection, nthe deflection value on theload-deflection curve equal to1150 of t
13、he span length, or alarger value as specified at the option of the specifier of tests.3.2.2 first-peak load, P1, nthe load value at the first pointon the load-deflection curve where the slope is zero.3.2.3 first-peak deflection, d1, nthe net deflection value onthe load-deflection curve at first-peak
14、 load.3.2.4 first-peak strength f1, nthe stress value obtainedwhen the first-peak load is inserted in the formula for modulusof rupture given in Eq 1.3.2.5 load-deflection curve, nthe plot of load versus netdeflection of a flexural beam specimen loaded to the end-pointdeflection.1This test method is
15、 under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.42 on Fiber-Reinforced Concrete.Current edition approved March 1, 2010. Published April 2010. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C16
16、09/C1609M07.DOI: 10.1520/C1609_C1609M-10.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Chang
17、es section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.6 net deflection, nthe deflection measured at mid-spanof a flexural beam specimen exclusive of any extraneouseffects due to seating or
18、twisting of the specimen on itssupports or deformation of the support and loading system.3.2.7 peak load, PP, nthe maximum load on the load-deflection curve.3.2.8 peak-load deflection, dP, nthe net deflection valueon the load-deflection curve at peak load.3.2.9 peak strength, fP, nthe stress value o
19、btained whenthe peak load is inserted in the formula for modulus of rupturegiven by Eq 1.3.2.10 Dnominal depth of the beam specimen in mm.NOTE 3To simplify nomenclature, the nominal beam depth is shownin units of mm for both the SI and inch-pound version of this test method.3.2.11 Lspan length or di
20、stance between the supports.3.2.12 residual load, P600D, nthe load value correspond-ing to a net deflection of L/600 for a beam of nominal depth D.3.2.13 residual load, P150D, nthe load value correspondingto a net deflection of L/150 for a beam of nominal depth D.3.2.14 residual strength, f600D, nth
21、e stress value obtainedwhen the residual load P600Dis inserted in the formula formodulus of rupture given in Eq 1.3.2.15 residual strength, f150D, nthe stress value obtainedwhen the residual load P150Dis inserted in the formula formodulus of rupture given in Eq 1.3.2.16 specimen toughness, T150D, nt
22、oughness of beamspecimen of nominal depth D at a net deflection of L/150.3.2.17 equivalent flexural strength ratio, RT, 150D, nthevalue obtained when the specimen toughness T150Dis inserted inEq 3.NOTE 4The equivalent flexural strength ratio is calculated as the ratioof the weighted equivalent load
23、up to a net deflection of L/150 over thefirst-peak load multiplied by 100. The RT, 150150value is equivalent to theRe,3value defined in the Technical Report No. 34 of the Concrete Society.34. Summary of Test Method4.1 Molded or sawn beam specimens having a squarecross-section of fiber-reinforced con
24、crete are tested in flexureusing a third-point loading arrangement similar to that speci-fied in Test Method C78 but incorporating a closed-loop,servo-controlled testing system and roller supports that are freeto rotate on their axes. Load and net deflection are monitoredand recorded to an end-point
25、 deflection of at least1150 of thespan. Data are recorded and plotted by means of an X-Yplotter, or they are recorded digitally and subsequently used toplot a load-deflection curve. Points termed first-peak, peak, andresidual loads at specified deflections are identified on thecurve, and are used to
26、 calculate flexural performance param-eters.5. Significance and Use5.1 The first-peak strength characterizes the flexural behav-ior of the fiber-reinforced concrete up to the onset of cracking,while residual strengths at specified deflections characterize theresidual capacity after cracking. Specime
27、n toughness is ameasure of the energy absorption capacity of the test specimen.The appropriateness of each parameter depends on the natureof the proposed application and the level of acceptable crack-ing and deflection serviceability. Fiber-reinforced concrete isinfluenced in different ways by the a
28、mount and type of fibers inthe concrete. In some cases, fibers may increase the residualload and toughness capacity at specified deflections whileproducing a first-peak strength equal to or only slightly greaterthan the flexural strength of the concrete without fibers. Inother cases, fibers may sign
29、ificantly increase the first-peak andpeak strengths while affecting a relatively small increase inresidual load capacity and specimen toughness at specifieddeflections.5.2 The first-peak strength, peak strength, and residualstrengths determined by this test method reflect the behavior offiber-reinfo
30、rced concrete under static flexural loading. Theabsolute values of energy absorption obtained in this test are oflittle direct relevance to the performance of fiber-reinforcedconcrete structures since they depend directly on the size andshape of the specimen and the loading arrangement.5.3 The resul
31、ts of this test method may be used for com-paring the performance of various fiber-reinforced concretemixtures or in research and development work. They may alsobe used to monitor concrete quality, to verify compliance withconstruction specifications, obtain flexural strength data onfiber-reinforced
32、 concrete members subject to pure bending, orto evaluate the quality of concrete in service.5.4 The results of this standard test method are dependenton the size of the specimen.NOTE 5The results obtained using one size molded specimen may notcorrespond to the performance of larger or smaller molded
33、 specimens,concrete in large structural units, or specimens sawn from such units. Thisdifference may occur because the degree of preferential fiber alignmentbecomes more pronounced in molded specimens containing fibers that arerelatively long compared with the cross-sectional dimensions of the mold.
34、Moreover, structural members of significantly different thickness experi-ence different maximum crack widths for a given mid-span deflection withthe result that fibers undergo different degrees of pull-out and extension.6. Apparatus6.1 Testing MachineThe testing machine shall be capableof servo-cont
35、rolled operation where the net deflection of thecenter of the beam is measured and used to control the rate ofincrease of deflection. Testing machines that use stroke dis-placement control or load control are not suitable for estab-lishing the portion of the load-deflection curve immediatelyafter fi
36、rst-peak. The loading and specimen support system shallbe capable of applying third-point loading to the specimenwithout eccentricity or torque. The fixtures specified in TestMethod C78 are suitable with the qualification that supportingrollers shall be able to rotate on their axes and shall not bep
37、laced in grooves or have other restraints that prevent their freerotation.6.2 Deflection-Measuring EquipmentDevices such aselectronic transducers or electronic deflection gages shall belocated in a manner that ensures accurate determination of thenet deflection at the mid-span exclusive of the effec
38、ts of seatingor twisting of the specimen on its supports. One acceptable3“Concrete Industrial Ground FloorsA Guide to Design and Construction,”Technical Report 34, 3rdedition, Concrete Society, Slough, United Kingdom, 2003.C1609/C1609M 102arrangement employs a rectangular jig, which surrounds thespe
39、cimen and is clamped to it at mid-depth directly over thesupports (Figs. 1 and 2). Two electronic displacement trans-ducers or similar digital or analog devices mounted on the jigat mid-span, one on each side, measure deflection throughcontact with appropriate brackets attached to the specimen.The a
40、verage of the measurements represents the net deflection.6.3 Data Recording SystemAn X-Y plotter coupled di-rectly to electronic outputs of load and deflection is anacceptable means of obtaining the relationship between loadand net deflectionthat is, the load-deflection curve. A dataacquisition syst
41、em capable of digitally recording and storingload and deflection data at a sampling frequency of at least 2.5Hz is an acceptable alternative. After a net deflection of L/900has been exceeded, it is permissible to decrease the dataacquisition sampling and recording frequency to 1 Hz.NOTE 6For X-Y plo
42、tters, accurate determination of the area under theload-deflection curve and the loads corresponding to specified deflectionsis only possible when the scales chosen for load and deflection arereasonably large. A load scale chosen such that 25 mm 1 in. correspondsto a flexural stress of the order of
43、1 MPa 150 psi, or no more than 20 %of the estimated first-peak strength, is recommended. A recommendeddeflection scale is to use 25 mm 1 in. to represent about 10 % of theend-point deflection of1150 of the span, which is 2 mm 0.08 in. for a 350by 100 by 100 mm 14 by 4 by 4 in. specimen size, and 3 m
44、m 0.12 in.for a 500 by 150 by 150 mm 20 by 6 by 6 in. specimen size. When dataare digitally stored, the test parameters may be determined directly fromthe stored data or from a plot of the data. In the latter case, use a plot scalesimilar to that recommended for an X-Y plotter.7. Sampling, Test Spec
45、imens, and Test Units7.1 General RequirementsThe nominal maximum size ofaggregate and cross-sectional dimensions of test specimensshall be in accordance with Practice C31/C31M or PracticeC192/C192M when using molded specimens, or in accordancewith Test Method C42/C42M when using sawn specimens,provi
46、ded that the following requirements are satisfied:7.1.1 The length of test specimens shall be at least 50 mm 2in. greater than three times the depth, and in any case not lessthan 350 mm 14 in. The length of the test specimen shall notbe more than two times the depth greater than the span.7.1.2 The t
47、olerances on the cross-section of the test speci-mens shall be within 6 2 %. The test specimens shall have asquare cross-section within these tolerances.7.1.3 The width and depth of test specimens shall be at leastthree times the maximum fiber length.7.1.4 When the specimen size is not large enough
48、to meet allthe requirements of 7.1-7.1.3, specimens of square cross-section large enough to meet the requirements shall be used.The three times maximum fiber length requirement for widthand depth may be waived at the option of the specifier of teststo permit specimens with a width and depth of 150 m
49、m 6 in.when using fibers of length 50 to 75 mm 2 to 3 in.NOTE 7The results of tests on beams with relatively stiff fibers, suchas steel fibers, longer than one-third the width and depth of the beam maynot be comparable with test results of similar-sized beams with fibersshorter than one-third the width and depth because of preferential fiberalignment, and different size beams may not be comparable because ofsize effects. The degree of preferential fiber alignment may be less forfibers that are flexible enough to be be
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