ASTM C1645 C1645M-2011 Standard Test Method for Freeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units《固体混凝土联锁铺砌石块的解冻和除冰盐耐用性标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: C1645/C1645M 11Standard Test Method forFreeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid ConcreteInterlocking Paving Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1645/C1645M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the

2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method evaluates the resistance to freezing andthawing of solid interlocking

3、 concrete paving units conformingto the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M. Units are tested in a test solution that is either tapwater or 3 % saline solution, depending on the intended use ofthe units in actual service.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsar

4、e to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all

5、 of thesafety concerns, in any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the use of this standard to establish appropri-ate safety and health practices and determine the applicabilityof regulatory limitation prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C936/C936M Specification

6、for Solid Concrete InterlockingPaving Units3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is intended to determine the effects offreezing and thawing on units conforming to the dimensionalrequirements of Specification C936/C936M while immersed ina test solution. Other types of segmental concrete paving

7、 unitsthat do not conform to the dimensional requirements ofSpecification C936/C936M may be tested using this testmethod.3.2 The results from this test method are not intended toprovide a quantitative measure of the length of service fromconcrete paving units conforming to the dimensional require-me

8、nts of Specification C936/C936M.4. Apparatus4.1 Freezing-and-Thawing ApparatusThe freezing appa-ratus shall consist of suitable cabinet or cold room withcontrols to reach and maintain within1hofintroduction ofspecimens an air temperature of 5 6 3C 23 6 5F at alllocations within the chamber regardles

9、s of the number ofspecimens in the chamber. The thawing chamber shall maintaina controlled air temperature. This temperature shall never begreater than + 30C 86F.4.2 BalanceA balance capable of weighing 500 g with anaccuracy of 6 0.1 g shall be used for measuring the mass of thefine spalled material

10、.4.3 Drying OvenThe drying oven shall be vented andcapable of being maintained at 100 to 115C 212 to 239F.4.4 Specimen ContainerThe specimen container shall bemade of non-corroding flexible material and have dimensionsthat allow complete submersion of the specimen in the testsolution. The size of th

11、e container shall be less than or equal tothree times the volume of the unit that is being tested. Thecontainer shall prevent evaporation of the test solution.5. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test SpecimensSelect whole units repre-sentative of the lot from which they are selected. The unitsshall be free

12、from visible cracks, chipped edges, and structuraldefects.5.2 Number of Test SpecimensSample according to therequirements of Specification C936/C936M.5.3 IdentificationMark each test specimen so that it isidentifiable at any time.6. Preparation of Test Specimens6.1 Curing and ConditioningWhen possib

13、le, specimensshall be full-sized units. When the units cannot be testedfull-size due to specimen configuration or lack of suitablespecimen containers, obtain a specimen by saw-cutting afull-height coupon with a surface area of at least 190cm229.5 in.2. Test specimens shall be a minimum of 28 daysold

14、 before freeze-thaw cycling begins. After sampling, all testspecimens shall be cured for 14 days in a moist chamber1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.03 on Concrete Masonry Units and Relat

15、ed Units.Current edition approved on Dec. 15, 2011. Published January 2012. Originallyapproved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1645/C1645M 09.DOI: 10.1520/C1645_C1645M-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serv

16、iceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Uni

17、ted States.(cabinet or room) at an air temperature of 23 6 2C 73 6 4Fand a relative humidity of at least 90 % or submerged in asaturated lime solution maintained at 23 6 2C 73 6 4F.Moist curing shall be followed by air curing for a minimum of14 days at 24 6 8C 75 6 15F at a maximum 80 % relativehumi

18、dity. The curing and conditioning of the test specimensshall be waived at the option of the manufacturer of the pavers.When curing is waived, allow the specimens to air cure for aminimum of 48 h at 24 6 8C 75 6 15F at a maximum80 % relative humidity.6.1.1 Before testing begins, the specimens shall b

19、e brushedclean with a stiff bristled brush and all loose burrs and edgeshards shall be removed with a carborundum stone.7. Procedure7.1 Freezing and Thawing CyclesOne freeze-thaw cycleshall be completed every 24 h. The cycle shall consist of 16 61 h of freezing followed by 8 6 1 h of thawing. The sp

20、ecimensshall be subjected to continuous cycles. If for reasons beyondthe operators control, a freezing period cannot commence atthe specified time, the specimens shall remain in a thawedcondition until conditions are suitable for resumption of the testbut not longer than 96 h. The specimen temperatu

21、re shallconform to 5 6 3C 23 6 5F for the last 7 to 12 h of thefreezing cycle and a minimum of +5 C 40F for the last 1 hof the thawing cycle. The temperature shall be recorded at leastevery 15 min in the smallest and largest specimen (by weight)within the apparatus with a temperature probe that is i

22、nsulatedfrom cabinet air and rests against, below, or inside a specimen.7.2 Specimen ContainmentImmediately followingcompletion of the conditioning, each specimen shall be cen-tered with the wearing surface facing upwards in individualcontainers. The supported bottom surface of the specimensshall re

23、st on solid, noncorrosive, nonabsorptive (for example,glass, stainless steel, ceramic, plastic, etc.) spacers approxi-mately 5 mm 0.2 in. high to ensure exposure of at least 95 %of the bottom surface to the test solution. A minimum of 5 mm0.2 in. clearance shall be provided between the specimen andt

24、he container in all directions.7.3 Test SolutionThe test solution shall be tap water orsaline as requested by the client. If the test solution is saline,containers shall be filled with 3 6 0.1 % (by weight) NaClsolution. The test solution (tap water or saline) shall have atemperature of 24 6 8C 75 6

25、 15F. The level of the testsolution shall be 5 6 1 mm 0.2 6 0.04 in. above the topsurface of the specimens (Note 1). After filling the containers,they shall be immediately closed to minimize evaporation andthe closed containers left at a temperature of 24 6 8C 75 615F for 24 6 1 h. After the 24 h so

26、ak period, check the levelof the test solution and add additional test solution as needed tomaintain the required level of 5 6 1 mm 0.2 6 0.04 in. abovethe surface of the specimens.NOTE 1Excess test solution volume should be avoided in order toensure rapid freezing of the specimens. Likewise, choose

27、 a container witha plan area similar to the test specimen to minimize excess test solution.7.4 Temperature MonitoringFollowing the 24-h satura-tion period, the specimens shall be subjected to continuousfreeze-thaw cycles. The ambient temperature in the freeze-thaw apparatus, as well as those of the

28、specimen, shall becontinuously measured at least every 15 min and recorded. Iffor any reason, except for residue collection, continuous 24-hcycles cannot be maintained, then this shall be noted in thereport.7.5 Collection of ResidueAfter 7, 28, and (if necessary)49 cycles, the specimens shall be was

29、hed with test solution (tapwater or saline, as appropriate) to remove all loose particles.These particles and spalled material collected at the bottom ofthe containers shall be filtered using a sieve or filter paver witha maximum opening of 80 m and washed with tap water toremove any soluble salts (

30、Note 2). Dry the residue in the dryingoven for not less than 4 h and until two successive weighingsat intervals of 2 h show an increment of loss not greater than0.2 % of the last previously determined weight. This residueshall be defined as mass loss expressed in grams. The residueshall be cumulativ

31、ely weighed after 7, 28, and 49 (if necessary)cycles.NOTE 2A75 m No. 200 sieve is acceptable for residue collection.7.5.1 Provide a new test solution following each determina-tion of loss of mass. The 24-h presoaking period shall bewaived following 7 and 28 cycles provided that the specimensare main

32、tained in a saturated condition during mass determi-nation.7.5.2 Every time a container is replaced into a multi-levelfreezing test chamber, the container shall be placed on the levelimmediately above the level on which it was previouslylocated. If the container was previously located on the top lev

33、elof a multi-level freezing chamber, replace it onto the bottomlevel. Also rotate containers from front-to-back and left-to-right when moving to a new shelf.7.5.3 The test shall continue until 28 freeze-thaw cycleshave been completed or if the average mass loss for allspecimens tested is greater tha

34、n 225 g/m2. If the average massloss exceeds 225 g/m2, the test shall continue until 49 freeze-thaw cycles have been completed. If at any time the averagemass loss for all specimens tested is greater than 500 g/m2ordisintegration of the specimens necessitates the prematuretermination of testing, the

35、mass loss shall be determined andadded to the previously lost mass.8. Calculation and Report8.1 The loss of mass shall be calculated in grams per squaremeter of surface area to the nearest 0.1 g/m2. Calculate the totalsurface area of the paver by one of the following two methods:8.1.1 Sum the calcul

36、ated area of all surfaces from thespecified shape and dimensions shown in the manufacturersmold drawings.8.1.2 Sum the calculated areas of all surfaces as determinedfrom the measured dimensions of the test specimens takenbefore the beginning of testing.8.2 The report shall include the following:8.2.

37、1 Name of client and manufacturer;8.2.2 The date of manufacture and sampling;8.2.3 Plant or field sampling;8.2.4 The batch number;8.2.5 Identification of specimens and color;C1645/C1645M 1128.2.6 Dimensions and total surface area of the specimensand whether the dimensions were determined from the ma

38、nu-facturers mold drawings or by measurement;8.2.7 Dates of the beginning and end of the test;8.2.8 Cumulative mass lost by each specimen and theaverage results after 7, 28, and 49 (if necessary) cycles or at thetime of termination of the test;8.2.9 The number of cycles at termination;8.2.10 A descr

39、iption of the damage suffered by the speci-mens, with photographs where possible; and8.2.11 Any deviations from this testing procedure.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Precision and bias data for this test method is not yetavailable.10. Keywords10.1 freeze-thaw durability; interlocking concrete paversSUMMAR

40、Y OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(C1645/C1645M 09) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Dec. 15, 2011.)(1) Revised 7.5.3 to clarify when to stop the testing at 28cycles or continue to 49 cycles.ASTM Internat

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42、ir own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should

43、be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standar

44、ds, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C1645/C1645M 113