1、Designation: C1645/C1645M 15C1645 16Standard Test Method forFreeze-thaw and De-icing Salt Durability of Solid ConcreteInterlocking Paving Units1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1645/C1645M;C1645; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adopt
2、ion or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method evaluates the resistance to freezing and thawing of sol
3、id interlocking concrete paving units conforming tothe dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M. Units are tested in a test solution that is either tap water or 3 % salinesolution, depending on the intended use of the units in actual service.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or in
4、ch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the as standard. No other units of measurem
5、ent are included in this standard.1.2.1 Inch-pound units are given in parentheses for temperature specification and are for information only.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, in any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the use of this standard
6、to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitation prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C936/C936M Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving Units3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is intended to determi
7、ne the effects of freezing and thawing on units conforming to the dimensionalrequirements of Specification C936/C936M while immersed in a test solution. Other types of segmental concrete paving units thatdo not conform to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M may be tested using t
8、his test method.3.2 The results from this test method are not intended to provide a quantitative measure of the length of service from concretepaving units conforming to the dimensional requirements of Specification C936/C936M.4. Apparatus4.1 Freezing-and-Thawing ApparatusThe freezing apparatus shal
9、l consist of suitable cabinet or cold room with controls toreach and maintain within 1 h of introduction of specimens an air temperature of 5 6 3C 23(23 6 5F5F) at all locationswithin the chamber regardless of the number of specimens in the chamber. The thawing chamber shall maintain a controlled ai
10、rtemperature. This temperature shall never be greater than +30C 86F.(86F).4.2 BalanceAbalance capable of weighing 500 g with an accuracy of 60.1 g shall be used for measuring the mass of the finespalled material.4.3 Drying OvenThe drying oven shall be vented and capable of being maintained at 100 to
11、 115C 212(212 to 239F.239F).4.4 Specimen ContainerThe specimen container shall be made of non-corroding flexible material and have dimensions thatallow complete submersion of the specimen in the test solution. The size of the container shall be less than or equal to three timesthe volume of the unit
12、 that is being tested. The container shall prevent evaporation of the test solution.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.03 on ConcreteMasonry Units and Related Units.Current edition appro
13、ved on Dec. 15, 2015June 1, 2016. Published January 2016July 2016. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 20112015 asC1645/C1645M 11.C1645/C1645M 15. DOI: 10.1520/C1645_C1645M-15.10.1520/C1645-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactA
14、STM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standardsstandards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes hav
15、e been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official doc
16、ument.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Sampling5.1 Selection of Test SpecimensSelect whole units representative of the lot from which they are selected
17、. The units shall befree from visible cracks, chipped edges, and structural defects.5.2 Number of Test SpecimensSample according to the requirements of Specification C936/C936M.5.3 IdentificationMark each test specimen so that it is identifiable at any time.6. Preparation of Test Specimens6.1 Curing
18、 and ConditioningWhen possible, specimens shall be full-sized units. When the units cannot be tested full-size dueto specimen configuration or lack of suitable specimen containers, obtain a specimen by saw-cutting a full-height coupon with asurface area of at least 190 cm2 29.5 in 2. Test specimens
19、shall be a minimum of 28 days old before freeze-thaw cycling begins.After sampling, all test specimens shall be cured for 14 days in a moist chamber (cabinet or room) at an air temperature of 23 62C 73(73 6 4F4F) and a relative humidity of at least 90 % or submerged in a saturated lime solution main
20、tained at 23 6 2C73(73 6 4F.4F). Moist curing shall be followed by air curing for a minimum of 14 days at 24 6 8C 75(75 6 15F15F)at a maximum 80 % relative humidity. The curing and conditioning of the test specimens shall be waived at the option of themanufacturer of the pavers. When curing is waive
21、d, allow the specimens to air cure for a minimum of 48 h at 24 6 8C 75(756 15F15F) at a maximum 80 % relative humidity.6.1.1 Before testing begins, the specimens shall be brushed clean with a stiff bristled brush and all loose burrs and edge shardsshall be removed with a carborundum stone.7. Procedu
22、re7.1 Freezing and Thawing CyclesOne freeze-thaw cycle shall be completed every 24 h. The cycle shall consist of 16 6 1 hof freezing followed by 8 6 1 h of thawing. The specimens shall be subjected to continuous cycles. If for reasons beyond theoperatorsoperators control, a freezing period cannot co
23、mmence at the specified time, the specimens shall remain in a thawedcondition until conditions are suitable for resumption of the test but not longer than 96 h. The specimen temperature shall conformto 5 6 3C 23(23 6 5F5F) for the last 7 to 12 h of the freezing cycle and a minimum of +5 C 40F +5C (4
24、0F) for thelast 1 h of the thawing cycle. The temperature shall be recorded at least every 15 min in the smallest and largest specimen (byweight) within the apparatus with a temperature probe that is insulated from cabinet air and rests against, below, or inside aspecimen.7.2 Specimen ContainmentImm
25、ediately following completion of the conditioning, each specimen shall be centered with thewearing surface facing upwards in individual containers. The supported bottom surface of the specimens shall rest on solid,noncorrosive, nonabsorptive (for example, glass, stainless steel, ceramic, plastic, et
26、c.) spacers approximately 5 mm 0.2 in. highto ensure exposure of at least 95 % of the bottom surface to the test solution. A minimum of 5 mm 0.2 in. clearance shall beprovided between the specimen and the container in all directions.7.3 Test SolutionThe test solution shall be tap water or saline as
27、requested by the client. If the test solution is saline, containersshall be filled with 3 6 0.1 % (by weight) NaCl solution. The test solution (tap water or saline) shall have a temperature of 246 8C 75 6 15F. 8C. The level of the test solution shall be 5 6 1 mm 0.2 6 0.04 in. above the top surface
28、of the specimens(Note 1). After filling the containers, they shall be immediately closed to minimize evaporation and the closed containers left ata temperature of 24 6 8C 75 6 15F for 24 6 1 h. After the 24 h soak period, check the level of the test solution and addadditional test solution as needed
29、 to maintain the required level of 5 6 1 mm 0.2 6 0.04 in. above the surface of the specimens.NOTE 1Excess test solution volume should be avoided in order to ensure rapid freezing of the specimens. Likewise, choose a container with a planarea similar to the test specimen to minimize excess test solu
30、tion.7.4 Temperature MonitoringFollowing the 24-h saturation period, the specimens shall be subjected to continuous freeze-thawcycles. The ambient temperature in the freeze-thaw apparatus, as well as those of the specimen, shall be continuously measuredat least every 15 min and recorded. If for any
31、reason, except for residue collection, continuous 24-h cycles cannot be maintained,then this shall be noted in the report.7.5 Collection of ResidueAfter 7, 28, and (if necessary) 49 cycles, the specimens shall be washed with test solution (tap wateror saline, as appropriate) to remove all loose part
32、icles. These particles and spalled material collected at the bottom of the containersshall be filtered using a sieve or filter paver with a maximum opening of 80 m and washed with tap water to remove any solublesalts (Note 2). Dry all the filter paper and residue (spall) collected from each specimen
33、 in the drying oven for not less than 4 hand until two successive weighings at intervals of 2 h 6 15 min show an increment of loss not greater than 0.2 % of the lastpreviously determined weight. Place the filter paper and residue in a draft-free location within the laboratory for a period of 2 h615
34、min to allow the filter paper and residue to come to equilibrium temperature with the laboratory environment. Weigh the filterpaper and residue to the nearest 0.2 g and record as Wf+r. Calculate the residue weight, Wr, as follows:Wr 5Wf1r 2Wf (1)C1645 162where:Wr = weight of residue (spall), g,Wf+r
35、= weight of the dried residue and filter paper, g, andWf = initial weight of the filter paper, g.NOTE 2A 75-m No. 200(No. 200) sieve is acceptable for residue collection.7.5.1 Provide a new test solution following each determination of loss of mass. The 24-h presoaking period shall be waivedfollowin
36、g 7 and 28 cycles provided that the specimens are maintained in a saturated condition during mass determination.7.5.2 Every time a container is replaced into a multi-level freezing test chamber, the container shall be placed on the levelimmediately above the level on which it was previously located.
37、 If the container was previously located on the top level of amulti-level freezing chamber, replace it onto the bottom level. Also rotate containers from front-to-back and left-to-right whenmoving to a new shelf.7.5.3 The test shall continue until 28 freeze-thaw cycles have been completed or if the
38、average mass loss for all specimens testedis greater than 225 g/m2. If the average mass loss exceeds 225 g/m2, the test shall continue until 49 freeze-thaw cycles have beencompleted. If at any time the average mass loss for all specimens tested is greater than 500 g/m2 or disintegration of the speci
39、mensnecessitates the premature termination of testing, the mass loss shall be determined and added to the previously lost mass.8. Calculation and Report8.1 The weight of all collected residue shall be measured and recorded as Wr to the nearest 0.2 g.8.2 The total surface of the paver shall be calcul
40、ated by one of the following methods:8.2.1 Sum the calculated area of all surfaces from the specified shape and dimensions shown in the manufacturers molddrawings.8.2.2 Sum the calculated areas of all surfaces as determined from the measured dimensions of the test specimens taken beforethe beginning
41、 of testing.8.2.3 For rectangular-shaped specimens, calculate the total surface area prior to testing using the length, width and thicknessmeasurements in millemetres as determined in accordance with Test Method C140, Annex A4 with the following formula:Surface areaAs!5Ls 3 Ws 1Ls 3 Ts 1Ws 3 Ts!523L
42、s 3 Ws 1Ts 3Ls 1Ws! (2)Surface areaAs!5Ls 3 Ws 1Ls 3 Ts 1Ws 3 Ts! (2)523Ls 3 Ws 1Ts 3Ls 1Ws!where:Ls = length of the specimen, mm,Ws = width of the specimen, mm, andTs = thickness of the specimen, mm.8.3 Calculate the mass loss to the nearest 1 g/m2 using the following equation:Mass loss ML!, g/m25W
43、r 3 1,000 ,000!As (3)where:Wr = weight of collected residue (g) andAs = calculated surface area (mm2).8.4 The report shall include the following:8.4.1 Name of client and manufacturer;8.4.2 The date of manufacture and sampling;8.4.3 Plant or field sampling;8.4.4 The batch number;8.4.5 Identification
44、of specimens and color;8.4.6 Dimensions and total surface area of the specimens and whether the dimensions were determined from the manufacturersmold drawings or by measurement;8.4.7 Cumulative mass lost by each specimen and the average results after 7, 28, and 49 (if necessary) cycles or at the tim
45、e oftermination of the test;8.4.8 Dates of the beginning and end of the test;8.4.9 The number of cycles at termination;8.4.10 A description of the damage suffered by the specimens, with photographs where possible; and8.4.11 Any deviations from this testing procedure.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Precisio
46、n and bias data for this test method is not yet available.C1645 16310. Keywords10.1 freeze-thaw durability; interlocking concrete paversSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(C1645/C1645M 15) that may impact the use of th
47、is standard. (June 1, 2016)(1) Modified the standard to be SI units only.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C15 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(C1645/C1645M 11) that may impact the use of this standard. (December 15, 2015)(1) Modified 8.1, 8.2, and 8.3
48、to provide direction on determining mass loss.(2) Modified 7.5 to provide additional direction on drying and measuring residue during testing.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of thi
49、s standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn.Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM
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