1、Designation: C1675 11 (Reapproved 2015)C1675 17Standard Practice forInstallation of Precast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic BoxSections for Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、 oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers the installation of precast reinfor
3、ced concrete box sections cast monolithically and intended to be usedfor the conveyance of storm water, industrial wastes and sewage, and for passageways.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units
4、that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recomme
5、ndations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related ProductsC1433 Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains,
6、 and SewersC1433M Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers(Metric)C1577 Specification for Precast Reinforced Concrete Monolithic Box Sections for Culverts, Storm Drains, and Sewers DesignedAccording to AASHTO LRFDD698 Test Methods f
7、or Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)2.2 ASCE Standard:3ASCE 26 Standard Practice for the Direct Design of Buried Precast Concrete
8、 Box Sections2.3 AASHTO Standards:4AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges , Div. II, Section 27AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications , Section 27AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design SpecificationsAASHTO M145 Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purpo
9、ses3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms relating to precast box sections, see Terminology C822.3.2 For terminology related to soil classifications, see Practice D2487.3.3 For terminology and definitions of terms relating to structural design, see ASCE 26.3.4 Fig. 1 illustrates the installation
10、 terminology.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.05 on Special Projects.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015April 1, 2017. Published October 2015May 2017. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous edi
11、tion approved in 20112015 as C1675 11.11(2015). DOI: 10.1520/C167511R15.10.1520/C167517.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summar
12、y page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), 1801 Alexander Bell Dr., Reston, VA 20191, http:/www.asce.org.4 Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
13、http:/www.transportation.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends
14、 that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Significance and
15、 Use4.1 This practice is useful as a reference by an owner and the owners engineer in preparing project specifications.5. General5.1 The precast reinforced concrete box section/soil system shall be constructed to conform to the dimensions and requirementsspecified or shown on the plans and to this p
16、ractice. Additionally, for highway projects, the precast reinforced concrete boxsection/soil system shall conform to requirements of Section 27 of AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges orAASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications as appropriate.The owner is advised to provide or req
17、uire adequate inspectionof the box section installation at the construction site.6. Excavation6.1 Trenches shall be excavated to the dimensions and grade specified on the plans or as ordered by the owner. The width oftrenches shall be kept to the minimum required for installation of the box sections
18、 and proper compaction of the sidefill.6.2 When ledge rock, compacted rocky, or other unyielding foundation material is encountered, it shall be removed to therequirements shown on the plans. Over-excavated areas shall be backfilled with approved materials specified for the levelingcourse.6.3 The co
19、ntractor shall make such provisions as required to ensure adequate drainage of the trench to protect the levelingcourse during the construction operations. Where surface water or groundwater conditions exist, the site and trench shall bedewatered.7. Foundation7.1 The foundation shall be moderately f
20、irm to hard in situ material, stabilized soil, or compacted fill material.7.2 When unsuitable or unstable material is encountered, the foundation shall be stabilized or removed and replaced with firmand stable foundation material.FIG. 1 Box Section/Installation TerminologyC1675 1727.3 Where groundwa
21、ter and soil characteristics contribute to the migration of soil fines into or out of the foundation, levelingcourse, or overfill materials, methods to prevent migration shall be provided.7.4 Box sections installed over an unyielding foundation, including concrete, shall be cushioned so as to preven
22、t non-uniformbearing in accordance with Section 8.8. Leveling Course8.1 Aminimum 3 in. (75 mm) leveling course, as shown in Fig. 1, shall be constructed of clean coarse grained soils: USCS SW,SP, GW, GPor any soil beginning with one of those symbols and with 12 % or less passing a #200 (75 m) sieve
23、(AASHTO M145,A-1, A-3). The nominal maximum aggregate size shall not be greater than 1 in. (25 mm) (#57 aggregate). In the event that theleveling course consists of layers with the upper layer being clean, uncompacted sand, that layer shall be a maximum thicknessof 2 in. (50 mm) to prevent non-unifo
24、rm settlement from personnel and equipment during the installation process.8.2 In situ material that provide a suitable leveling course in accordance with this practice shall be acceptable.8.3 If rock strata or boulders are encountered under the box section within the limits of the required leveling
25、 course, the rockor boulders shall be removed and replaced with additional leveling course material.8.4 A concrete slab is not an appropriate leveling course.9. Box Section Placement and Joining9.1 Box sections shall be installed to the line and grade shown in the contract documents. Joining shall b
26、e in accordance withthe box section manufacturers recommendations.NOTE 1(Advisory): Work should be started at the lowest end of the box section line, and with the bell or groove end pointing upstream, laying spigotsinto bells where applicable.9.2 Adjustments in grade by exerting force on the box sec
27、tion with excavating equipment or by lifting and dropping the boxsection shall be prohibited. If the installed box section is not on grade, the box section shall be completely unjoined, the gradecorrected, and the box section then rejoined.9.3 Proper facilities and equipment shall be provided for ho
28、isting and lowering the box sections without disturbing the levelingcourse and the sides of the excavation or damaging the box sections.9.4 The ends of the box sections shall be free of any deleterious materials that would prevent proper joining or sealing ofadjacent sections.9.5 The box section sha
29、ll be joined so that when laid on the leveling course, it shall form a smooth, uniform line of sections.NOTE 2(Advisory): Proper equipment, such as a come-along or puller, should be utilized to join the sections together.9.6 Unless designed otherwise, multiple box sections in parallel multi-cell ins
30、tallations require positive lateral bearing betweenthe sides of adjacent box sections. Compacted granular backfill, flowable fill, or grouting between the sections are consideredmeans of providing positive bearing.9.7 Precast reinforced concrete box sections shall be handled with reasonable care. If
31、 dragging sections causes damage, thenthis practice shall be discontinued. Care shall be taken to prevent box sections from striking rock or other hard objects duringplacement.9.8 Each joint shall be sealed to prevent migration of soil fines as specified in the project specifications and installed i
32、naccordance with the manufacturers recommendations.9.9 If required by the contract documents, each joint shall meet the specified infiltration and exfiltration requirements.9.10 Unless otherwise approved by the owner, surcharge loads and loads from construction equipment transferred to a boxsection
33、before, during, or after fill placement, either directly or through the fill, shall not be greater than the loads assumed in thedesign (see Section 14, Adequate Protection from Surcharge and Construction Loads).10. Sidefill10.1 When the soil-structure interaction factor used in the design is based o
34、n compacted fill at the sides of the box, the sidefillshall be as required by the contract documents, but not less than clean, coarse-grained soils (USCS SW, SP, GW, GP or AASHTOM145,A-1,A-3), or coarse-grained soils with fines (USCS GM, GC, SM, SC orAASHTO M145,A-2-4,A-2-5,A-2-6) compactedto at lea
35、st 85 % Standard Proctor (see Test Methods D698). The sidefill shall be brought up on both sides of the box section suchthat placement will not disjoint or create lateral movement of the box section.10.2 When the soil-structure interaction factor used in the design is not based on compacted fill at
36、the sides of the box section,the use of native soils is acceptable. Sidefill shall be free of debris, organic matter, frozen material or large stones with a diametergreater than 3 in. (75 mm).C1675 17310.3 Ponding or jetting to compact the sidefill shall be permitted only where soil conditions permi
37、t free drainage and only withthe approval of the owner.11. Overfill11.1 Overfill shall be constructed as specified. Overfill material shall be placed in layers with no greater than the maximumthickness specified and compacted to the required density.11.2 The soil shall be approved material containin
38、g no debris, organic matter, frozen material, or large stones with a diametergreater than one-half the thickness of the compacted layers being placed or 3 in. (75 mm), whichever is less.11.3 When impact or vibratory equipment is used for compaction, care shall be taken in accordance with the manufac
39、turersrecommendations, to avoid damaging the box sections.12. Sheathing Removal and Trench Shield Advancement12.1 Unless sheathing is to be left in place, it shall be pulled out in vertical increments to permit placement and compactionof fill material for the full width of the trench.12.2 When trenc
40、h shields or boxes are moved, the previously placed box section shall not be disturbed. If such disturbanceoccurs, deadman anchors or other means shall be used to restrain previously placed box sections. Voids in the sidefill that arecreated by movement of a shield or box shall be filled and compact
41、ed in accordance with Section 10 of this practice.13. Precast Concrete Appurtenances13.1 Manholes, pipe, junction boxes, and other adjoining appurtenances shall be installed in a manner that will minimizedifferential settlement between the box section and appurtenance.13.2 Precast concrete fittings,
42、 such as tees and wyes, shall be bedded, installed, and overfilled with the same material and inthe same manner as the precast concrete box sections to prevent differential settlement between box section and fittings.14. Adequate Protection from Surcharge and Construction Loads14.1 Construction load
43、s procedures, such as heavy equipment movement or stockpiling of material over or adjacent to a boxstructure, can induce higher live or surcharge loads than those used for the structures final design. The installer is cautioned toensure these added loadings have been included in the final design of
44、the furnished box structure. Construction loads shall beconsidered in design if construction equipment must pass over the boxes during project construction. If necessary, compactedoverfill in the form of a ramp shall be constructed over the top of the box section such that the equipment load on the
45、box sectiondoes not exceed the box section design strength. The ramp profile shall be free of abrupt changes in grade that would causeconcentrated loads or prevent the uniform distribution of loads through all axles of passing equipment. In an embankmentinstallation, the overfill shall extend a mini
46、mum of one box section span or 3 ft (900 mm), whichever is greater, beyond each sideof the box section to prevent possible lateral displacement of the box section. If a large volume of construction traffic must crossan installed line of box sections, the point of crossing shall be changed occasional
47、ly to minimize the possibility of lateraldisplacement.15. Safety15.1 Safety requirements for construction shall be in accordance with the applicable federal, state, and local regulations.16. Keywords16.1 box culverts; box sections; concrete; install; installation; placement; precast; precast concret
48、eAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. COMMENTARYX1.1 ScopeThe buried, concrete box sections are part of a composite system comprised of the box and the surrounding soilenvelope, which interact and contribute to the strength and structural behavior of the system.X1.2 The soil-structure interaction f
49、actors mentioned in Section 10 are part of this practice. They are based on the results ofresearch on box/soil interaction, together with evaluation of current construction practice, equipment, procedures, and experience.For further information, reference the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.C1675 174X1.3 The design of a concrete box for a particular installation type is based on the assumption that the specified design beddingand backfill requirements will be achieved during construction of the installation. The bedding/leveling course is assumed toprovid
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