1、Designation: C1688/C1688M 10aStandard Test Method forDensity and Void Content of Freshly Mixed PerviousConcrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1688/C1688M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determining the density offreshly mixed pervious concrete under standardized conditions
3、and gives formulas for calculating the void content of perviousconcrete. Test results are not intended to represent the in-placedensity and void content.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be e
4、xact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of t
5、he user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (WarningFreshhydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may causechemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)1.4 The text of th
6、is test method references notes andfootnotes that provide explanatory information. These notesand footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be consid-ered as requirements of this test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)and Voi
7、ds in AggregateC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Fine AggregateC150 Specification for Po
8、rtland CementC172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementC192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing ConcreteTest Specimens in the LaboratoryC231 Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Con-crete by the Pressure MethodC311 Test Methods for Samp
9、ling and Testing Fly Ash orNatural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC989 Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concreteand MortarsC1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic CementC1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitiou
10、sMixturesD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer toTerminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 conc
11、rete, pervious, nhydraulic cement concretewith distributed, interconnected macroscopic voids that allowwater to pass through the material with little resistance.3.3 Symbols:D = density (unit weight) of concrete kg/m3lb/ft3Ms= total mass of all materials batched, kg lb (see Note 1)1This test method i
12、s under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.49 on Pervious Concrete.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2010. Published January 2011. Originallyapproved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as C1688/C16
13、88M10.DOI: 10.1520/C1688_C1688M-10a.2Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing,Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStand
14、ards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.Mc= mass of the measure filled with concrete, kg lbMm= mass of the measure, kg lbT = theoretical
15、 density of the concrete computed on anairfree basis, kg/m3lb/ft3 (see Note 1)U = percentage of voids in the fresh pervious concrete,including entrained and entrapped air voids in the ce-ment paste.Vs= sum of the absolute volumes of the component ingre-dients in the batch, m3ft3Vm= volume of the mea
16、sure, m3ft3NOTE 1The theoretical density is a laboratory determination, and isassumed to remain constant for all batches made using identical compo-nent ingredients and proportions. It is calculated from the followingequation:T 5MsVsThe total mass of all materials batched is the sum of the masses of
17、 thecement, the fine aggregate in the saturated-surface-dry condition, thecoarse aggregate in the saturated-surface-dry condition, the water in thebatch (includes free water from the aggregate), and any other solid orliquid materials used.The absolute volume of each ingredient is equal to the quotie
18、nt of themass of that ingredient divided by the product of its relative density(specific gravity) times the density of water (See Test Method C29/C29M). For the aggregate components, the relative density (specificgravity) should be based on the saturated-surface-dry condition (asdetermined by Test M
19、ethod C127 for coarse aggregate and Test MethodC128 for fine aggregate). For cements meeting Specification C150,Specification C595, and Specification C1157, the relative density shouldbe determined by Test Method C188, and is typically available from thecement manufacturer. A value of 3.15 may be us
20、ed for Portland cementsmanufactured to meet the requirements of Specification C150. The relativedensity of supplementary cementitious materials should be determined asfollows: for fly ash, use Test Methods C311; for silica fume, useSpecification C1240; and for slag cement, use Specification C989.4.
21、Summary of Test Method4.1 A sample of fresh pervious concrete is placed andconsolidated in a standard measure. The concrete is consoli-dated using a standard Proctor hammer. The density and voidcontent of the pervious concrete are calculated based on themeasured mass of the consolidated concrete spe
22、cimen, thevolume of the measure, and the total mass of materials batched.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a procedure for determiningthe density and void content of freshly mixed pervious con-crete.5.2 This test method is applicable to pervious concretemixtures containing coarse
23、aggregate with a nominal maxi-mum size of 25 mm 1 in. or smaller.5.3 The measured fresh density may be used as verificationof mixture proportions.5.4 This method uses a standard consolidation procedure tomeasure fresh density and void content of a pervious concretemixture as delivered. Test results
24、are not intended to representthe density and void content of the in-place pervious concrete.This method shall not be used to determine the in-place voidcontent or yield of the pervious concrete.6. Apparatus6.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate to 50 g 0.1 lb orto within 0.3 % of the test load, whic
25、hever is greater, at anypoint within the range of use. The range of use shall beconsidered to extend from the mass of the empty measure tothe mass of the measure filled with concrete having an assumeddensity of 2600 kg/m3160 lb/ft3.6.2 Standard Proctor HammerAdevice used to compact apervious concret
26、e specimen that conforms to Test MethodD698.6.3 MeasureAcylindrical container made of steel or othersuitable metal with a capacity of 7.0 6 0.6 L 0.25 6 0.02 ft3and a diameter equal to 0.75 to 1.25 times the height (See Note2). The volume of the measure shall be determined as describedin Test Method
27、 C29/C29M. The top rim of the container shallbe plane within 0.3 mm 0.01 in. (See Note 3).NOTE 2The metal should not be attacked readily by cement paste.However, a reactive material such as aluminum alloy may be used if, asa result of an initial reaction, a surface film is formed that protects theme
28、tal against further corrosion. The measuring bowl of an air meterconforming to Test Method C231 can meet the requirements for themeasure.NOTE 3The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.3 mm 0.01-in. wirefeeler gauge cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6 mm14-in. or thicker plate glass
29、 laid over the top of the measure.6.4 Strike-Off PlateAflat rectangular metal plate at least 6mm 14 in. thick or a glass or acrylic plate at least 12 mm 12in. thick with length and width that are at least 50 mm 2 in.greater than the diameter of the measure with which it is to beused. The edges of th
30、e plate shall be straight within a toleranceof2mm116 in.6.5 ScoopOf a size large enough so each amount ofpervious concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle isrepresentative and small enough so that the concrete is notspilled during placement in the measure.7. Sampling7.1 For field placements, o
31、btain the sample of freshly mixedpervious concrete in accordance with Practice C172.7.1.1 Start the test for density within 5 min after obtainingthe final portion of the composite sample.7.2 For laboratory testing, obtain the sample of freshlymixed pervious concrete in accordance with Practice C192/
32、C192M.7.2.1 Start the test for density within 5 min after obtainingthe sample.7.3 The elapsed time between obtaining the first and finalportions of the composite sample shall not exceed 15 min.7.3.1 Transport the individual samples to the place wherefresh concrete tests are to be performed. Combine
33、and remixthe samples with a shovel the minimum amount necessary toensure uniformity and compliance with the maximum timelimits specified in 7.3.2. Protect the composite sample from thesun, wind, and other sources of rapid evaporation.7.3.2 Start the test for density within 5 min after obtainingthe f
34、inal portion of the composite sample.8. Procedure8.1 Place the measure on a flat, level surface free fromvibration. Moisten the inside of the measure before placingpervious concrete. Remove any standing water from thebottom of the container using a moistened sponge. Place theC1688/C1688M 10a2perviou
35、s concrete in the measure in two layers of approxi-mately equal thickness using the scoop described in 6.5.During filling of the measure, move the scoop around theperimeter of the opening to ensure an even distribution of theconcrete with minimal segregation. Drop the hammer verti-cally 20 times per
36、 layer at the full 305 mm 12 in. drop height.For each layer, distribute the position of the tamper so that theentire surface area of the pervious concrete in the measure isconsolidated equally. Before consolidating the final layer, fillthe measure to overflowing. After completion of consolidation,th
37、e measure must contain about 3 mm 18 in. of excesspervious concrete protruding above the top of the measure. Ifafter 10 hammer drops to the final layer it appears that therewill be insufficient concrete, add a small quantity of concrete tocorrect the deficiency. If after 10 hammer drops to the final
38、layer it appears that there will be too much concrete in themeasure, remove a representative portion of excess concretewith a trowel or scoop. Complete the consolidation of the finallayer.8.2 Strike OffAfter consolidation, strike off the top sur-face of the concrete and finish it flat with the strik
39、e-off plate sothat the concrete surface is level with the top of the measure.Accomplish the strike-off by pressing the strike-off plate on thetop surface of the measure to cover about two thirds of thesurface and withdrawing the plate with a sawing motion tostrike off the area originally covered. Th
40、en place the plate onthe top of the measure to cover the same two thirds of thesurface and advance it with a vertical pressure and a sawingmotion to cover the whole surface of the measure; continue toadvance plate until it slides completely off the measure.Several final sawing-motion strokes with th
41、e edge of the plate,which has been inclined to the top of the measure, will producea flat finished surface.8.3 Cleaning and WeighingAfter strike-off, clean excessconcrete from the exterior of the measure and determine themass of the concrete and measure to an accuracy consistentwith the requirements
42、 of 6.1.9. Calculation9.1 Density (Unit Weight)Calculate the net mass of theconcrete by subtracting the mass of the measure, Mm, from themass of the measure filled with concrete, Mc. Calculate thedensity (unit weight), D, by dividing the net mass of concreteby the volume of the measure, Vm, as follo
43、ws:D 5Mc MmVm(1)9.2 Void ContentCalculate the percentage of voids asfollows:U 5T DT3 100 % (2)10. Precision and Bias10.1 Repeatability testing was performed by six laboratoriesusing pervious concrete mixtures proportioned using localmaterials. Each laboratory prepared three batches and per-formed tw
44、o replicate tests per batch. The range of density offresh pervious concrete was from 1750 to 2000 kg/m3109 to125 lb/ft3 (See Note 4).NOTE 4Round robin testing was performed using the following sixconsolidation methods:Proctor Hammer-2 equal layers, 20 times per layerMarshall Hammer-2 equal layers, 5
45、 times per layerMarshall Hammer-2 equal layers, 10 times per layerASTM C29 Jigging-2 equal layers, 50 drops per layer as per TestMethod C29/C29MASTM C138 Rodding Method-2 equal layers, 25 times per layerNo Consolidation-Fill the empty unit weight bucket.Of the six consolidation methods evaluated, th
46、e method using the ProctorHammer produced a high degree of repeatability, employed a straightfor-ward process, and was not physically demanding due to the lower weightsas compared to the Marshall Hammer.10.1.1 The single-operator standard deviation of density offreshly mixed pervious concrete has be
47、en found to be 22kg/m31.4 lb/ft3.10.1.2 The multi-operator standard deviation has not beendeveloped. The reproducibility of this test method is beingdetermined and will be available on or before October 1, 2013.10.2 This test method has no bias because the density ofpervious concrete is defined only
48、 in terms of this test method.11. Keywords11.1 density; fresh concrete; pervious concrete; Proctorhammer; void contentASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly
49、 advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consid
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