1、Designation:C1688/C1688M11 Designation: C1688/C1688M 12Standard Test Method forDensity and Void Content of Freshly Mixed PerviousConcrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1688/C1688M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in t
2、he case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers determining the density of freshly mixed pervious concrete un
3、der standardized conditions and givesformulas for calculating the void content of pervious concrete. Test results are not intended to represent the in-place density andvoid content.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stat
4、ed in eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its u
5、se. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. (WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin andtissue upon prolonged
6、 exposure.2)1.4 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk
7、Density (Unit Weight) and Voids in AggregateC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesC127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggr
8、egateC150150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC172172/C172M Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementC192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the LaboratoryC231231/C231M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed
9、Concrete by the Pressure MethodC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC595595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC989989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC11571157/C1157M Performance S
10、pecification for Hydraulic CementC1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious MixturesD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600 kN-m/m3)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standar
11、d, refer to Terminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 concrete, pervious, nhydraulic cement concrete with distributed, interconnected macroscopic voids that allow water topass through the material with little resistance.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of A
12、STM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.49 onPervious Concrete.Current edition approved Dec.Feb. 15, 2011.2012. Published JanuaryMarch 2012. Originally approved in 2008. Last previous edition approved in 20102011 asC1688/C1688M10a.C1
13、688/C1688M11. DOI: 10.1520/C1688_C1688M-112.2Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of
14、 ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technical
15、ly possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
16、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.3 Symbols:D = density (unit weight) of concrete kg/m3lb/ft3Ms= total mass of all materials batched, kg lb (see Note 1)Mc= mass of the measure filled with concrete, kg lbMm= mass of the measure, kg lbT = theoretical density of the concrete comput
17、ed on an airfree basis,kg/m3lb/ft3 (see Note 1)U = percentage of voids in the fresh pervious concrete, including en-trained and entrapped air voids in the cement paste.Vs= sum of the absolute volumes of the component ingredients in thebatch, m3ft3Vm= volume of the measure, m3ft3NOTE1The theoretical
18、density is a laboratory determination, and is assumed to remain constant for all batches made using identical componentingredients and proportions. It is calculated from the following equation:T5MsVsC1688_C1688M-11_1The total mass of all materials batched is the sum of the masses of the cement, the
19、fine aggregate in the saturated-surface-dry condition, the coarseaggregate in the saturated-surface-dry condition, the water in the batch (includes free water from the aggregate), and any other solid or liquid materialsused.The absolute volume of each ingredient is equal to the quotient of the mass
20、of that ingredient divided by the product of its relative density (specificgravity) times the density of water (See Test Method C29/C29M). For the aggregate components, the relative density (specific gravity) should be basedon the saturated-surface-dry condition (as determined by Test Method C127 fo
21、r coarse aggregate and Test Method C128 for fine aggregate). For cementsmeeting Specification C150, Specification C595, and Specification C1157, the relative density should be determined by Test Method C188, and istypically available from the cement manufacturer. A value of 3.15 may be used for Port
22、land cements manufactured to meet the requirements ofSpecification C150. The relative density of supplementary cementitious materials should be determined as follows: for fly ash, use Test Methods C311;for silica fume, use Specification C1240; and for slag cement, use Specification C989. 1The theore
23、tical density is a laboratory determination, and isassumed to remain constant for all batches made using identical component ingredients and proportions.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A sample of fresh pervious concrete is placed and consolidated in a standard measure. The concrete is consolidated usi
24、nga standard Proctor hammer. The density and void content of the pervious concrete are calculated based on the measured mass ofthe consolidated concrete specimen, the volume of the measure, and the total mass of materials batched.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a procedure for d
25、etermining the density and void content of freshly mixed pervious concrete.5.2 This test method is applicable to pervious concrete mixtures containing coarse aggregate with a nominal maximum size of25 mm 1 in. or smaller.5.3 The measured fresh density may be used as verification of mixture proportio
26、ns.5.4 This method uses a standard consolidation procedure to measure fresh density and void content of a pervious concretemixture as delivered. Test results are not intended to represent the density and void content of the in-place pervious concrete. Thismethod shall not be used to determine the in
27、-place void content or yield of the pervious concrete.6. Apparatus6.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate to 50 g 0.1 lb or to within 0.3 % of the test load, whichever is greater, at any pointwithin the range of use. The range of use shall be considered to extend from the mass of the empty measure to
28、 the mass of themeasure filled with concrete having an assumed density of 2600 kg/m3160 lb/ft3.6.2 Standard Proctor HammerA device used to compact a pervious concrete specimen that conforms to Test Method D698.6.3 MeasureA cylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal with a capacity o
29、f 7.0 6 0.6 L 0.25 6 0.02 ft3 anda diameter equal to 0.75 to 1.25 times the height (See Note 2). The volume of the measure shall be determined as described inTest Method C29/C29M. The top rim of the container shall be plane within 0.3 mm 0.01 in. (See Note 3).NOTE 2The metal should not be attacked r
30、eadily by cement paste. However, a reactive material such as aluminum alloy may be used if, as a resultof an initial reaction, a surface film is formed that protects the metal against further corrosion. The measuring bowl of an air meter conforming to TestMethod C231 C231/C231M can meet the requirem
31、ents for the measure.NOTE 3The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.3 mm 0.01-in. wire feeler gauge cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6 mm 14-in.or thicker plate glass laid over the top of the measure.6.4 Strike-Off PlateA flat rectangular metal plate at least 6 mm 14 in. thick or
32、a glass or acrylic plate at least 12 mm 12in. thick with length and width that are at least 50 mm 2 in. greater than the diameter of the measure with which it is to be used.The edges of the plate shall be straight within a tolerance of 2 mm 116 in.6.5 ScoopOf a size large enough so each amount of pe
33、rvious concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representativeand small enough so that the concrete is not spilled during placement in the measure.7. Sampling7.1 For field placements, obtain the sample of freshly-mixed pervious concrete in accordance with Practice C172C172/C172M.C1688/C1688
34、M 1227.1.1 Start the test for density within 5 min after obtaining the final portion of the composite sample.7.2 For laboratory testing, obtain the sample of freshly-mixed pervious concrete in accordance with Practice C192/C192M.7.2.1 Start the test for density within 5 min after obtaining the sampl
35、e.8. Procedure8.1 Place the measure on a flat, level surface free from vibration. Moisten the inside of the measure before placing perviousconcrete. Remove any standing water from the bottom of the container using a moistened sponge. Place the pervious concrete inthe measure in two layers of approxi
36、mately equal thickness using the scoop described in 6.5. During filling of the measure, movethe scoop around the perimeter of the opening to ensure an even distribution of the concrete with minimal segregation. Drop thehammer vertically 20 times per layer at the full 305 mm 12 in. drop height. For e
37、ach layer, distribute the position of the tamperso that the entire surface area of the pervious concrete in the measure is consolidated equally. Before consolidating the final layer,fill the measure to overflowing. After completion of consolidation, the measure must contain about 3 mm 18 in. of exce
38、sspervious concrete protruding above the top of the measure. If after 10 hammer drops to the final layer it appears that there willbe insufficient concrete, add a small quantity of concrete to correct the deficiency. If after 10 hammer drops to the final layer itappears that there will be too much c
39、oncrete in the measure, remove a representative portion of excess concrete with a trowel orscoop. Complete the consolidation of the final layer.8.2 Strike OffAfter consolidation, strike off the top surface of the concrete and finish it flat with the strike-off plate so thatthe concrete surface is le
40、vel with the top of the measure.Accomplish the strike-off by pressing the strike-off plate on the top surfaceof the measure to cover about two thirds of the surface and withdrawing the plate with a sawing motion to strike off the areaoriginally covered. Then place the plate on the top of the measure
41、 to cover the same two thirds of the surface and advance it witha vertical pressure and a sawing motion to cover the whole surface of the measure; continue to advance plate until it slidescompletely off the measure. Several final sawing-motion strokes with the edge of the plate, which has been incli
42、ned to the top ofthe measure, will produce a flat finished surface.8.3 Cleaning and WeighingAfter strike-off, clean excess concrete from the exterior of the measure and determine the massof the concrete and measure to an accuracy consistent with the requirements of 6.1.9. Calculation9.1 Density (Uni
43、t Weight)Calculate the net mass of the concrete by subtracting the mass of the measure, Mm, from the massof the measure filled with concrete, Mc. Calculate the density (unit weight), D, by dividing the net mass of concrete by the volumeof the measure, Vm, as follows:D 5Mc MmVm(1)C1688_C1688M-12_19.2
44、 Theoretical DensityCalculate the theoretical density from the following equation:The total mass of all materials batched is the sum of the masses of the cement, the fine aggregate in the saturated-surface-drycondition, the coarse aggregate in the saturated-surface-dry condition, the water in the ba
45、tch (includes free water from theaggregate), and any other solid or liquid materials used. The absolute volume of each ingredient is equal to the quotient of the massof that ingredient divided by the product of its relative density (specific gravity) times the density of water (See Test MethodC29/C2
46、9M). For the aggregate components, the relative density (specific gravity) should be based on the saturated-surface-drycondition (as determined by Test Method C127 for coarse aggregate and Test Method C128 for fine aggregate). For cementsmeeting Specification C150/C150M, Specification C595/C595M, an
47、d Specification C1157/C1157M, the relative density should bedetermined by Test Method C188, and is typically available from the cement manufacturer. A value of 3.15 may be used forPortland cements manufactured to meet the requirements of Specification C150/C150M. The relative density of supplementar
48、ycementitious materials should be determined as follows: for fly ash, use Test Methods C311; for silica fume, use SpecificationC1240; and for slag cement, use Specification C989/C989M.9.3 Void ContentCalculate the percentage of voids as follows:3 100 C1688_C1688M-12_310. Report10.1 Report the follow
49、ing information:10.1.1 Date, time, and name of individual molding specimens.10.1.2 Mixture identification and location of concrete represented by the sample.10.1.3 Volume of the density (unit weight) measure, to the nearest 0.01 L 0.001 ft3.10.1.4 Measured density (unit weight) of the concrete, to the nearest 1.0 kg/m30.1 lb/ft3.10.1.5 Theoretical density, to the nearest 1.0 kg/m30.1 lb/ft3.10.1.6 Void content, to the nearest 0.1 %.11. Precision and Bias11.1 Repeatability testing was performed by six laboratories
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