1、Designation: C1688/C1688M 12C1688/C1688M 13Standard Test Method forDensity and Void Content of Freshly Mixed PerviousConcrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1688/C1688M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method covers determining the density of freshly mixed pervious concrete under s
3、tandardized conditions and givesformulas for calculating the void content of pervious concrete. Test results are not intended to represent the in-place density andvoid content.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
4、 eachsystem may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. I
5、t is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use. (WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin andtissue upon prolonged expo
6、sure.2)1.4 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Densi
7、ty (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in AggregateC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesC127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), and Absorption of Fine Aggrega
8、teC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC172/C172M Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementC192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the LaboratoryC231/C231M Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by
9、the Pressure MethodC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and MortarsC1157/C1157M Performance Specification for Hydra
10、ulic CementC1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious MixturesD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this standard, refer to Terminolo
11、gy C125.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.49 onPervious Concrete.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2012Feb. 1, 2013. Published March 2012March 2013. Originally approved in 2008.
12、Last previous edition approved in 20112012 asC1688/C1688M11.12. DOI: 10.1520/C1688_C1688M-12.10.1520/C1688_C1688M-13.2 Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org
13、, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes
14、 have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official
15、 document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 concrete, pervious, nhydraulic cement concrete with di
16、stributed, interconnected macroscopic voids that allow water topass through the material with little resistance.C1688/C1688M 1323.3 Symbols:D = density (unit weight) of concrete kg/m3 lb/ft3Ms = total mass of all materials batched, kg lb (see Note 1)Mc = mass of the measure filled with concrete, kg
17、lbMm = mass of the measure, kg lbT = theoretical density of the concrete computed on an air-free basis, kg/m3 lb/ft3 (see Note 1)U = percentage of voids in the fresh pervious concrete, in-cluding entrained and entrapped air voids in the ce-ment paste.Vs = sum of the absolute volumes of the component
18、 ingredi-ents in the batch, m3 ft3Vm = volume of the measure, m3 ft3NOTE 1The theoretical density is a laboratory determination, and is assumed to remain constant for all batches made using identical componentingredients and proportions.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A sample of fresh pervious concret
19、e is placed and consolidated in a standard measure. The concrete is consolidated usinga standard Proctor hammer. The density and void content of the pervious concrete are calculated based on the measured mass ofthe consolidated concrete specimen, the volume of the measure, and the total mass of mate
20、rials batched.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a procedure for determining the density and void content of freshly mixed pervious concrete.5.2 This test method is applicable to pervious concrete mixtures containing coarse aggregate with a nominal maximum size of25 mm 1 in. or sma
21、ller.5.3 The measured fresh density may be used as verification of mixture proportions.5.4 This method uses a standard consolidation procedure to measure fresh density and void content of a pervious concretemixture as delivered. Test results are not intended to represent the density and void content
22、 of the in-place pervious concrete. Thismethod shall not be used to determine the in-place void content or yield of the pervious concrete.6. Apparatus6.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate to 50 g 0.1 lb or to within 0.3 % of the test load, whichever is greater, at any pointwithin the range of use.
23、The range of use shall be considered to extend from the mass of the empty measure to the mass of themeasure filled with concrete having an assumed density of 2600 kg/m3 160 lb/ft3.6.2 Standard Proctor HammerA device used to compact a pervious concrete specimen that conforms to Test Method D698.6.3 M
24、easureAcylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal with a capacity of 7.0 6 0.6 L 0.25 6 0.02 ft3 anda diameter equal to 0.75 to 1.25 times the height (See Note 2). The volume of the measure shall be determined as described inTest Method C29/C29M. The top rim of the container shall b
25、e plane within 0.3 mm 0.01 in. (See Note 3).NOTE 2The metal should not be attacked readily by cement paste. However, a reactive material such as aluminum alloy may be used if, as a resultof an initial reaction, a surface film is formed that protects the metal against further corrosion. The measuring
26、 bowl of an air meter conforming to TestMethod C231/C231M can meet the requirements for the measure.NOTE 3The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.3 mm 0.01-in. wire feeler gauge cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6 mm 14-in.or thicker plate glass laid over the top of the measure.6.
27、4 Strike-Off PlateA flat rectangular metal plate at least 6 mm 14 in. thick or a glass or acrylic plate at least 12 mm 12in. thick with length and width that are at least 50 mm 2 in. greater than the diameter of the measure with which it is to be used.The edges of the plate shall be straight within
28、a tolerance of 2 mm 116 in.6.5 ScoopOf a size large enough so each amount of pervious concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representativeand small enough so that the concrete is not spilled during placement in the measure.7. Sampling7.1 For field placements, obtain the sample of freshly
29、-mixed pervious concrete in accordance with Practice C172/C172M.7.1.1 Start the test for density within 5 min after obtaining the final portion of the composite sample.7.2 For laboratory testing, obtain the sample of freshly-mixed pervious concrete in accordance with Practice C192/C192M.7.2.1 Start
30、the test for density within 5 min after obtaining the sample.8. Procedure8.1 Place the measure on a flat, level surface free from vibration. Moisten the inside of the measure before placing perviousconcrete. Remove any standing water from the bottom of the container using a moistened sponge. Place t
31、he pervious concrete inthe measure in two layers of approximately equal thickness using the scoop described in 6.5. During filling of the measure, moveC1688/C1688M 133the scoop around the perimeter of the opening to ensure an even distribution of the concrete with minimal segregation. Drop thehammer
32、 vertically 20 times per layer at the full 305 mm 12 in. drop height. For each layer, distribute the position of the tamperso that the entire surface area of the pervious concrete in the measure is consolidated equally. Before consolidating the final layer,fill the measure to overflowing. After comp
33、letion of consolidation, the measure must contain about 3 mm 18 in. of excesspervious concrete protruding above the top of the measure. If after 10 hammer drops to the final layer it appears that there willbe insufficient concrete, add a small quantity of concrete to correct the deficiency. If after
34、 10 hammer drops to the final layer itappears that there will be too much concrete in the measure, remove a representative portion of excess concrete with a trowel orscoop. Complete the consolidation of the final layer.8.2 Strike OffAfter consolidation, strike off the top surface of the concrete and
35、 finish it flat with the strike-off plate so that theconcrete surface is level with the top of the measure. Accomplish the strike-off by pressing the strike-off plate on the top surfaceof the measure to cover about two thirds of the surface and withdrawing the plate with a sawing motion to strike of
36、f the areaoriginally covered. Then place the plate on the top of the measure to cover the same two thirds of the surface and advance it witha vertical pressure and a sawing motion to cover the whole surface of the measure; continue to advance plate until it slidescompletely off the measure. Several
37、final sawing-motion strokes with the edge of the plate, which has been inclined to the top ofthe measure, will produce a flat finished surface.8.3 Cleaning and WeighingAfter strike-off, clean excess concrete from the exterior of the measure and determine the massof the concrete and measure to an acc
38、uracy consistent with the requirements of 6.1.9. Calculation9.1 Density (Unit Weight)Calculate the net mass of the concrete by subtracting the mass of the measure, Mm, from the massof the measure filled with concrete, Mc. Calculate the density (unit weight), D, by dividing the net mass of concrete b
39、y the volumeof the measure, Vm, as follows:D5Mc 2MmVm(1)9.2 Theoretical DensityCalculate the theoretical density from the following equation:T5MsVs(2)The total mass of all materials batched is the sum of the masses of the cement, the fine aggregate in the saturated-surface-drycondition, the coarse a
40、ggregate in the saturated-surface-dry condition, the water in the batch (includes free water from theaggregate), and any other solid or liquid materials used. The absolute volume of each ingredient is equal to the quotient of the massof that ingredient divided by the product of its relative density
41、(specific gravity) times the density of water (See Test MethodC29/C29M). For the aggregate components, the relative density (specific gravity) shouldshall be based on the saturated-surface-drycondition (as determined by Test Method C127 for coarse aggregate and Test Method C128 for fine aggregate).
42、For The relativedensity (specific gravity) for cements meeting SpecificationSpecifications C150/C150M, Specification C595/C595M, andSpecificationC1157/C1157M C1157/C1157M, the relative density should and for slag cement meeting Specification C989/C989Mshall be determined by Test Method C188, and is
43、typically available from the cement manufacturer.A. It is permitted to use a valueof 3.15 may be used for Portlandfor portland cements manufactured to meet the requirements of Specification C150/C150M. Therelative density of supplementary cementitious materials should (specific gravity) of fly ash s
44、hall be determined as follows: for flyash, use Test Methodsdirected in Test Method C311; for silica fume, use , and of silica fume as directed in Specification C1240NOTE 4The relative density (specific gravity) of portland cements, blended cements, and supplementary cementitious materials obtained b
45、y methodsrequired in 9.2 are commonly available from the supplier. ; and for slag cement, use Specification . C989/C989M.9.3 Void ContentCalculate the percentage of voids as follows:U5T2DT 3100 (3)10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Date, time, and name of individual molding speci
46、mens.10.1.2 Mixture identification and location of concrete represented by the sample.10.1.3 Volume of the density (unit weight) measure, to the nearest 0.01 L 0.001 ft3.10.1.4 Measured density (unit weight) of the concrete, to the nearest 1.0 kg/m3 0.1 lb/ft3.10.1.5 Theoretical density, to the near
47、est 1.0 kg/m3 0.1 lb/ft3.10.1.6 Void content, to the nearest 0.1 %.C1688/C1688M 13411. Precision and Bias11.1 Repeatability testing was performed by six laboratories using pervious concrete mixtures proportioned using localmaterials. Each laboratory prepared three batches and performed two replicate
48、 tests per batch. The range of density of freshpervious concrete was from 1750 to 2000 kg/m3 109 to 125 lb/ft3 (See Note 45).NOTE 5Round robin testing was performed using the following six consolidation methods:Proctor Hammer-2 equal layers, 20 times per layerMarshall Hammer-2 equal layers, 5 times
49、per layerMarshall Hammer-2 equal layers, 10 times per layerASTM C29 Jigging-2 equal layers, 50 drops per layer as per TestMethod C29/C29MASTM C138 Rodding Method-2 equal layers, 25 times per layerNo Consolidation-Fill the empty unit weight bucket.Of the six consolidation methods evaluated, the method using the Proctor Hammer produced a high degree of repeatability, employed a straightforwardprocess, and was not physically demanding due to the lower weights as compared to the Marshall Hammer.11.1.1 The sing
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