1、Designation: C1688/C1688M 14aStandard Test Method forDensity and Void Content of Freshly Mixed PerviousConcrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1688/C1688M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers determining the density offreshly mixed pervious concrete under standardized condition
3、sand gives formulas for calculating the void content of perviousconcrete. Test results are not intended to represent the in-placedensity and void content.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be
4、exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of
5、the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (WarningFreshhydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may causechemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)1.4 The text of t
6、his test method references notes andfootnotes that provide explanatory information. These notesand footnotes (excluding those in tables) shall not be consid-ered as requirements of this test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)and Vo
7、ids in AggregateC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Fine AggregateC150/C150M Specification
8、 for Portland CementC172/C172M Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed Con-creteC188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementC192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the LaboratoryC231/C231M Test Method forAir Content of Freshly MixedConcrete by the Pressure MethodC311 Test
9、 Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash orNatural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use inConcrete and MortarsC1157/C1157M Performance Specification for HydraulicCementC1240 Specification
10、for Silica Fume Used in CementitiousMixturesD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D6926 Practice for Preparation of Bituminous SpecimensUsing Marshall Apparatus3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of te
11、rms used in this standard, refer toTerminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 concrete, pervious, nhydraulic cement concrete pro-portioned with sufficient, distributed, interconnected macro-scopic voids that allow water to flow through the materialunder the action of g
12、ravity alone.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.49 on Pervious Concrete.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originallyapproved in 2008. Last previous editi
13、on approved in 2014 as C1688/C1688M 14.DOI: 10.1520/C1688_C1688M-14A.2Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing,Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.
14、org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
15、13.3 Symbols:D = density (unit weight) of concrete kg/m3lb ft3Ms= total mass of all materials batched, kg lb (see Note 1)Mc= mass of the measure filled with concrete, kg lbMm= mass of the measure, kg lbT = theoretical density of the concrete computed on an airfreebasis, kg/m3lb ft3 (see Note 1)U = p
16、ercentage of voids in the fresh pervious concrete, includingentrained and entrapped air voids in the cement paste.Vs= sum of the absolute volumes of the component ingredients inthe batch, m3ft3Vm= volume of the measure, m3ft3NOTE 1The theoretical density is a laboratory determination, and isassumed
17、to remain constant for all batches made using identical compo-nent ingredients and proportions.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 A sample of fresh pervious concrete is placed andconsolidated in a standard measure. The concrete is consoli-dated using a standard Proctor hammer (Procedure A) or astandard Ma
18、rshall hammer (Procedure B). The density andvoid content of the pervious concrete are calculated based onthe measured mass of the consolidated concrete specimen, thevolume of the measure, and the total mass of materials batched.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a procedure for det
19、erminingthe density and void content of freshly mixed pervious con-crete.5.2 This test method is applicable to pervious concretemixtures containing coarse aggregate with a nominal maxi-mum size of 25 mm 1 in. or smaller.5.3 The measured fresh density may be used as verificationof mixture proportions
20、.5.4 This method uses a standard consolidation procedure tomeasure fresh density and void content of a pervious concretemixture as delivered. Test results are not intended to representthe density and void content of the in-place pervious concrete.This method shall not be used to determine the in-pla
21、ce voidcontent or yield of the pervious concrete.5.5 The fresh density and void content calculated from thistest method may be different when comparing the results fromProcedure A with Procedure B. Results are only comparablewhen obtained using the same procedure (Procedure A or B).6. Apparatus6.1 B
22、alanceA balance or scale accurate to 50 g 0.1 lb orto within 0.3 % of the test load, whichever is greater, at anypoint within the range of use. The range of use shall beconsidered to extend from the mass of the empty measure tothe mass of the measure filled with concrete having an assumeddensity of
23、2600 kg/m3160 lb/ft3.6.2 Standard Proctor HammerAdevice used to compact apervious concrete specimen for Procedure A that conforms toTest Method D698.6.3 Marshall HammerA device used to compact a pervi-ous concrete specimen for Procedure B that conforms toPractice D6926 manual compaction hammer.6.4 M
24、easureA cylindrical container made of steel or othersuitable metal with a capacity of 7.0 6 0.6 L 0.25 6 0.02 ft3and a diameter equal to 0.75 to 1.25 times the height (See Note2). The volume of the measure shall be determined as describedin Test Method C29/C29M. The top rim of the container shallbe
25、plane within 0.3 mm 0.01 in. (See Note 3).NOTE 2The metal should not be attacked readily by cement paste.However, a reactive material such as aluminum alloy may be used if, asa result of an initial reaction, a surface film is formed that protects themetal against further corrosion. The measuring bow
26、l of an air meterconforming to Test Method C231/C231M can meet the requirements forthe measure.NOTE 3The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.3 mm 0.01-in. wirefeeler gauge cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6 mm14-in. or thicker plate glass laid over the top of the measure.6.5 Stri
27、ke-Off PlateA flat rectangular metal plate at least 6mm 14 in. thick or a glass or acrylic plate at least 12 mm12 in. thick with length and width that are at least 50 mm 2in. greater than the diameter of the measure with which it is tobe used. The edges of the plate shall be straight within atoleran
28、ce of 2 mm 116 in.6.6 ScoopOf a size large enough so each amount ofpervious concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle isrepresentative and small enough so that the concrete is notspilled during placement in the measure.7. Sampling7.1 For field placements, obtain the sample of freshly-mixedpervi
29、ous concrete in accordance with Practice C172/C172M.7.1.1 Start the test for density within 5 min after obtainingthe final portion of the composite sample.7.2 For laboratory testing, obtain the sample of freshly-mixed pervious concrete in accordance with Practice C192/C192M.7.2.1 Start the test for
30、density within 5 min after obtainingthe sample.8. Procedure8.1 Place the measure on a flat, level surface free fromvibration. Moisten the inside of the measure before placingpervious concrete. Remove any standing water from thebottom of the container using a moistened sponge. Place thepervious concr
31、ete in the measure in two layers of approxi-mately equal thickness using the scoop described in 6.6.During filling of the measure, move the scoop around theperimeter of the opening to ensure an even distribution of theconcrete with minimal segregation. For Procedure A, drop thehammer vertically 20 t
32、imes per layer at the full 305 mm 12in. drop height. For Procedure B, drop the hammer vertically10 times per layer at the full 457 mm 18 in. drop height. Foreach layer, distribute the position of the tamper so that theentire surface area of the pervious concrete in the measure isconsolidated equally
33、. Before consolidating the final layer, fillthe measure to overflowing. After completion of consolidation,the measure must contain about 3 mm 18 in. of excesspervious concrete protruding above the top of the measure. Ifafter half the number of specified hammer drops to the finallayer it appears that
34、 there will be insufficient concrete, add asmall quantity of concrete to correct the deficiency. If after halfC1688/C1688M 14a2the number of specified hammer drops to the final layer itappears that there will be too much concrete in the measure,remove a representative portion of excess concrete with
35、 atrowel or scoop. Complete the consolidation of the final layer.8.2 Strike OffAfter consolidation, strike off the top surfaceof the concrete and finish it flat with the strike-off plate so thatthe concrete surface is level with the top of the measure.Accomplish the strike-off by pressing the strike
36、-off plate on thetop surface of the measure to cover about two thirds of thesurface and withdrawing the plate with a sawing motion tostrike off the area originally covered. Then place the plate onthe top of the measure to cover the same two thirds of thesurface and advance it with a vertical pressur
37、e and a sawingmotion to cover the whole surface of the measure; continue toadvance plate until it slides completely off the measure.Several final sawing-motion strokes with the edge of the plate,which has been inclined to the top of the measure, will producea flat finished surface.8.3 Cleaning and W
38、eighingAfter strike-off, clean excessconcrete from the exterior of the measure and determine themass of the concrete and measure to an accuracy consistentwith the requirements of 6.1.9. Calculation9.1 Density (Unit Weight)Calculate the net mass of theconcrete by subtracting the mass of the measure,
39、Mm, from themass of the measure filled with concrete, Mc. Calculate thedensity (unit weight), D, by dividing the net mass of concreteby the volume of the measure, Vm, as follows:D 5Mc2 MmVm(1)9.2 Theoretical DensityCalculate the theoretical densityfrom the following equation:T 5MsVs(2)The total mass
40、 of all materials batched is the sum of themasses of the cement, the fine aggregate in the saturated-surface-dry condition, the coarse aggregate in the saturated-surface-dry condition, the water in the batch (includes freewater from the aggregate), and any other solid or liquidmaterials used. The ab
41、solute volume of each ingredient is equalto the quotient of the mass of that ingredient divided by theproduct of its relative density (specific gravity) times thedensity of water (See Test Method C29/C29M). For theaggregate components, the relative density (specific gravity)shall be based on the sat
42、urated-surface-dry condition (asdetermined by Test Method C127 for coarse aggregate and TestMethod C128 for fine aggregate). The relative density (specificgravity) for cements meeting Specifications C150/C150M,C595/C595M, and C1157/C1157M and for slag cement meet-ing Specification C989/C989M shall b
43、e determined by TestMethod C188. It is permitted to use a value of 3.15 for portlandcements manufactured to meet the requirements of Specifica-tion C150/C150M. The relative density (specific gravity) of flyash shall be determined as directed in Test Method C311, andof silica fume as directed in Spec
44、ification C1240NOTE 4The relative density (specific gravity) of portland cements,blended cements, and supplementary cementitious materials obtained bymethods required in 9.2 are commonly available from the supplier. .9.3 Void ContentCalculate the percentage of voids asfollows:U 5T 2 DT3100 (3)10. Re
45、port10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Date, time, and name of individual molding speci-mens.10.1.2 Mixture identification and location of concrete rep-resented by the sample.10.1.3 Volume of the density (unit weight) measure, to thenearest 0.01 L 0.001 ft3.10.1.4 Measured density (unit we
46、ight) of the concrete, to thenearest 1.0 kg/m30.1 lb/ft3.10.1.5 Theoretical density, to the nearest 1.0 kg/m30.1lb/ft3.10.1.6 Void content, to the nearest 0.1 %.10.1.7 Procedure followed (A or B).11. Precision and Bias11.1 Repeatability testing was performed by six laboratoriesusing pervious concret
47、e mixtures proportioned using localmaterials. Each laboratory prepared three batches and per-formed two replicate tests per batch. The range of density offresh pervious concrete was from 1750 to 2000 kg/m3109 to125 lb/ft3 (See Note 5).NOTE 5Round robin testing was performed using the following sixco
48、nsolidation methods:Proctor Hammer-2 equal layers, 20 times per layerMarshall Hammer-2 equal layers, 5 times per layerMarshall Hammer-2 equal layers, 10 times per layerASTM C29 Jigging-2 equal layers, 50 drops per layer as per TestMethod C29/C29MASTM C138 Rodding Method-2 equal layers, 25 times per
49、layerNo Consolidation-Fill the empty unit weight bucket.Of the six consolidation methods evaluated, the method using the ProctorHammer and Marshall Hammer produced a high degree of repeatabilityand employed a straightforward process.11.1.1 The single-operator standard deviation of density offreshly mixed pervious concrete following Procedure A hasbeen found to be 22 kg/m31.4 lb/ft3.11.1.2 The single-operator standard deviation of density offreshly mixed pervious concrete following Procedure B hasbeen foun
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