1、Designation: C1709 18Standard Guide forEvaluation of Alternative Supplementary CementitiousMaterials (ASCM) for Use in Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1709; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This Guide is intended to provide a technical approachto the evaluation of alternative supplementary
3、cementitiousmaterials such as pozzolans and hydraulic materials that falloutside the scope of Specifications C618, C989, and C1240.This Guide provides the initial steps for a comprehensiveevaluation of an ASCM that provides due diligence for itsspecific intended uses in concrete; however, it does no
4、tevaluate conformance to all possible performance criteria forall types of concrete mixtures.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.3 Performing the tests or meeting the test limits in thisguide should not imply t
5、hat the material tested meets therequirements of Specifications C618, C989, and C1240. Thesematerials should not be represented as such and each specificsource is to be evaluated separately.1.4 This guide does not purport to address all environmen-tal and safety concerns, if any, associated with its
6、 use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this guide to establish the appro-priate environmental, health, and safety issues, and identifyappropriate risk management procedures.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-izati
7、on established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylin-
8、drical Concrete SpecimensC78 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Concrete (UsingSimple Beam with Third-Point Loading)C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCementC125 Terminol
9、ogy Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield,and Air Content (Gravimetric) of ConcreteC143/C143M Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic-CementConcreteC157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of HardenedHydraulic-Cement Mortar and ConcreteC186 T
10、est Method for Heat of Hydration of HydraulicCementC204 Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement byAir-Permeability ApparatusC231/C231M Test Method forAir Content of Freshly MixedConcrete by the Pressure MethodC232/C232M Test Method for Bleeding of ConcreteC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Tes
11、ting Fly Ash orNatural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC403/C403M Test Method for Time of Setting of ConcreteMixtures by Penetration ResistanceC430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the45-m (No. 325) SieveC457/C457M Test Method for Microscopical Determinationof Parameters
12、of the Air-Void System in Hardened Con-creteC469 Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity andPoissons Ratio of Concrete in Compression1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete andConcrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.24 onSupplemen
13、tary Cementitious Materials.Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C170911. DOI:10.1520/C1709-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at servi
14、ceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United
15、 StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers t
16、o Trade (TBT) Committee.1C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC666/C666M Test Method for Resistance of Concrete toRapid Freezing and ThawingC672/C672M Test Method for Scaling Resistance of Con-crete Surfaces Exposed to Deicing ChemicalsC989 Speci
17、fication for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete andMortarsC1012/C1012M Test Method for Length Change ofHydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate SolutionC1064/C1064M Test Method for Temperature of FreshlyMixed Hydraulic-Cement ConcreteC1202 Test Method for Electrical Indication of ConcretesAbility
18、to Resist Chloride Ion PenetrationC1218/C1218M Test Method for Water-Soluble Chloride inMortar and ConcreteC1240 Specification for Silica Fume Used in CementitiousMixturesC1293 Test Method for Determination of Length Change ofConcrete Due to Alkali-Silica ReactionC1543 Test Method for Determining th
19、e Penetration ofChloride Ion into Concrete by PondingC1556 Test Method for Determining the Apparent ChlorideDiffusion Coefficient of Cementitious Mixtures by BulkDiffusionC1567 Test Method for Determining the Potential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Combinations of Cementitious Mate-rials and Aggregate
20、 (Accelerated Mortar-Bar Method)C1585 Test Method for Measurement of Rate of Absorptionof Water by Hydraulic-Cement ConcretesC1679 Practice for Measuring Hydration Kinetics of Hy-draulic Cementitious Mixtures Using Isothermal Calorim-etryC1702 Test Method for Measurement of Heat of Hydrationof Hydra
21、ulic Cementitious Materials Using IsothermalConduction CalorimetryD3987 Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste withWaterD4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coaland Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer
22、 toTerminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 alternative supplementary cementitious materials(ASCM), ninorganic materials that react pozzolanically orhydraulically, and beneficially contribute to the strength,durability, workability, or other characteristics of concre
23、te, anddoes not meet Specifications C618, C989, and C1240.3.2.2 supplementary cementitious materials (SCM), naslag cement or pozzolan that contributes to the properties ofconcrete or mortar through hydraulic or pozzolanic activity orboth; and meets one of the following: Specification C618,C989,orC12
24、40.4. Significance and Use4.1 Common types of SCM include fly ash, slag cement,calcined clays, and silica fume. The introduction and wide-spread use of fly ash, slag cement, calcined clay, and silicafume have been characterized and supported by significantresearch and development programs, preconstr
25、uction testing,field testing and long term performance monitoring. As thetechnical and economic benefits of SCM have been recognized,and as sustainability and environmental awareness resulted inthe need to develop new materials and new ways to usematerials not previously utilized, new sources of pot
26、entialSCM are being proposed for use in concrete as ASCM.4.2 If an ASCM does not yet have a significant record ofperformance in concrete, a comprehensive evaluation based onthis Guide should be undertaken, and it should be recognizedthat this ASCM might be introduced for a specific project orinto a
27、limited marketplace to initially demonstrate its perfor-mance. The user should bear in mind the intended end use ofthe ASCM and use appropriate test methods to establish itssuitability. An ASCM that demonstrates good performancethrough a comprehensive evaluation as outlined in this guidecould then b
28、e considered to have access to broader markets andcould be considered for inclusion in an ASTM standard forSCM. For this reason, the test program to demonstrate accept-able performance should include concrete mixtures with arange of characteristics specific to the ASCMs intended use.4.3 In the absen
29、ce of long-term durability or acceptable fieldperformance, prospective users are advised to apply appropri-ate risk management and engineering practice in the use of anASCM.5. Evaluation Program5.1 Classification of MaterialsThe performance of theevaluated ASCM should be compared to that of one of t
30、heexisting types of SCM as listed in 1.1. The ASCM should notbe classified as being a variant of, or equivalent to, an existingtype of SCM. The material should be described as an “alter-native supplementary cementitious material (ASCM).” Theprocess that is responsible for generating the ASCM should
31、beindicated on any reports such that any significant variations inthat process would be noted when it occurs.5.2 Evaluation of the Material:5.2.1 GeneralEvaluate the ASCM in a comprehensivelaboratory test program followed by field trials.Asample of theASCM used for this evaluation should be represen
32、tative of itssource. A phased program suitable for many types of ASCMsis as follows:Stage ICharacterization of the MaterialStage IIDetermination of Suitable FinenessStage IIITesting to Specification C618, C989,orC1240Stage IVConcrete Performance TestsStage VField Trials and Long-Term Performance and
33、Durability5.2.2 Stage I: Characterization of the MaterialConduct achemical analysis of the material. The chemical analysisshould include the quantity of major, minor, and trace elementconstituents using any relevant method including x-rayC1709 182fluorescence, atomic absorption spectroscopy, inducti
34、velycoupled plasma spectroscopy, and any appropriate standardmethods in Test Methods C114, C311, and D4326. Wheninterpreting the data, consideration should be given to thepotential for the compounds present to be injurious to thehydration of cement or properties of the concrete. If suchcompounds are
35、 present, then suitable tests should be conductedto determine the “availability” of these compounds to partici-pate in hydration reactions.5.2.3 Stage II: Determination of Suitable FinenessIf theproduction process of the ASCM includes size classification orcrushing and grinding, guidance for the sel
36、ection of thesuitable fineness can be obtained from compressive strength,durability, and workability tests on mortar made with ASCMand hydraulic cement. It can be expected that for mostASCMs,fineness will play a major role in the level of performance oftheASCM in concrete. The appropriate fineness f
37、or the desiredproperty should be selected by the manufacturer.Useful data will be obtained from the testing of severallevels of fineness or specific surface area, and several differentparticle size distributions of the ASCM. Fineness and specificsurface area can be measured using the appropriate tes
38、tmethods in Test Methods C311, C204, and C430,orgasabsorption BET (Brunauer, Emmett and Teller) technique forspecific surface area. Particle size distribution can be measuredby laser diffraction particle size analyzer; or other appropriatetest methods.Mortar tests should comply with Test Method C109
39、/C109M.The test program should include a control portland cementmortar mixture for comparison with a similar test mixturemade with anASCM at the typical proposed replacement level.Compressive strength tests should be made at 1, 3, 7, and 28days, and may include other appropriate long-term test ages.
40、5.2.4 Stage III: The ASCM should be tested for comparisonwith the chemical, physical, and uniformity requirements ofSpecification C618 (including the supplemental optional physi-cal requirements), C989,orC1240. In addition, determine andreport the following:(1) Chlorides (Test Method C1218/C1218M)(2
41、) Free calcium oxide (Test Methods C114, Section 28)(3) Soluble alkalis (Test Method C114)(4) Leachable heavy metals (Test Method D3987)(5) Air void stabilityFor ASCM similar to fly ash, thestability of the air bubbles formed during mixing a pastesuspension may be an indication of the air void stabi
42、lity inconcrete made with the same materials. In this test, 60 mL ofdistilled water is placed in a 250 mL wide-mouth glass jar.Then, 30 g of ASCM is added to the water. The jar is cappedand vigorously shaken for 15 s. A measured quantity ofair-entraining admixture is then added, and the jar is shake
43、n foran additional 15 s. The jar is then placed upright for 30 s, andthen the cap is removed. If the foam is breaking rapidly or ifvoids appear on the water mixture surface after 30 s, add moreair-entraining admixture, and repeat the shaking and observa-tion procedure. Continue to incrementally add
44、air entrainingadmixture until the foam is stable for 30 s, and then shake themixture for an additional 15 s. The foam is in a stable statewhen the foam is not breaking rapidly and no voids in the foamappear on the water mixture surface for at least 60 s. Measureand report on the quantity of air-entr
45、aining admixture requiredto maintain the foam in a stable state and the amount of timethat the foam remained in a stable state.5.2.5 Stage IV: Concrete Performance Tests5.2.5.1 GeneralA series of mixtures should be tested. Theperformance of the ASCM in fresh and hardened concreteshould be evaluated
46、in a broad range of concrete mixtures toreflect the intended use of the material. The test programshould include at least one commercially available SCMconforming to an applicable standard similar to the ASCM,commonly used admixtures and control mixtures without theACSM.5.2.5.2 Concrete Mixture Prop
47、ortionsA series of mixturesshould be proportioned with total cementitious materials con-tent varying from 200 to 400 kg/m3. Concrete tested forresistance to freezing and thawing is to have an air content andwater-cementitious material ratio in accordance with appli-cable codes and specifications app
48、ropriate for the executedexposures. The concrete should be proportioned so the cemen-titious fraction contains a range ofASCM contents that bracketthe intended level of use. The test program should includemixtures with various types of commonly used chemicaladmixtures to determine compatibility. Mor
49、tar of the proposedmixtures can be screened for compatibility using Test MethodC1679. Commonly used chemical admixtures include airentraining agents, water reducers, setting time accelerators andsetting time retarders. The test report should include informa-tion on the mixture proportions, water-cementitious materialratio, yield, density and source of materials.5.2.5.3 Fresh Concrete TestingThe following tests shouldbe performed to evaluate the effects of the ASCM on theproperties of freshly mixed concrete:(1) slump, air content, and temperature (Test MethodC143/
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