1、Designation: C1721 09C1721 15Standard Guide forPetrographic Examination of Dimension Stone1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1721; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numb
2、er in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of stone specimen material proposed for use as dimensionstone used in const
3、ruction.1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of petrographic relatedproperties that should be looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of dimensionstone.1.3 The rock and mineral names given in
4、Terminology C119 should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in reports preparedin accordance with this guide.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for informationpurposes only.1.5 This standard does not purport to add
5、ress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C97 Test Method
6、s for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension StoneC99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension StoneC119 Terminology Relating to Dimension StoneC120 Test Methods of Flexure Testing of Slate (Breaking Load, Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity)C121 Test Method for Water Absorpt
7、ion of SlateC170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension StoneC217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of SlateC241 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Subjected to Foot TrafficC406 Specification for Roofing SlateC503 Specification for Marble Dimension StoneC568 Specification for L
8、imestone Dimension StoneC615 Specification for Granite Dimension StoneC616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension StoneC629 Specification for Slate Dimension StoneC880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension StoneC1353 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Dimension Stone Subjected to Foot
9、 Traffic Using a Rotary Platform AbraserC1526 Specification for Serpentine Dimension StoneC1527 Specification for Travertine Dimension StoneC1528 Guide for Selection of Dimension StoneC1799 Guide to Dimension Stone Test Specimen Sampling and PreparationE883 Guide for ReflectedLight Photomicrography1
10、 This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.01 on Test Methods.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009May 1, 2015. Published September 2009July 2015. Originally published as C1721-09. Last previous edition approved
11、 in 2009 asC1721-09. DOI: 10.1520/C1721-09.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is n
12、ot an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropria
13、te. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Summary of Guide3.1 The specific procedures employed in the pet
14、rographic examination of any specimen will depend to a large extent on thepurpose of the examination and the nature of the specimen. In most cases the examination will require the use of opticalmicroscopy. Complete petrographic examinations for particular purposes and to investigate particular probl
15、ems may requireexamination of selected constituents by means of additional procedures, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis for crystallinestructure, differential thermal analysis (DTA) for chemically and physically unstable minerals, infrared spectroscopy, scanningelectron microscopy (SEM) ener
16、gy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), or other procedures. Although these procedures are beyondthe scope of this standard, these additional procedures may be more definitive than visual microscopic methods.3.2 Identification of the minerals, composition, fabric, and structure of a specimen is a necess
17、ary step towards recognition ofthe properties that may be expected to influence the behavior of the material in its intended use, but identification is not an endin itself. The value of any petrographic examination will depend to a large extent on the representativeness of the specimensexamined, the
18、 completeness and accuracy of the information provided to the petrographer concerning the source and proposed useof the material, and the petrographers ability to correlate these data with the findings of the examination.3.3 This guide does not attempt to describe the techniques of petrographic work
19、 since it is assumed that the guide will be usedby persons who are qualified by education and experience to employ such techniques for the recognition of the characteristicproperties of rocks and minerals and to describe and classify the constituents of a specimen. For some cases, the petrographer w
20、illhave had experience adequate to provide detailed interpretation of the petrographic results. For many cases the interpretation willbe made, in part, by engineers, familiar with the intended use of the dimension stone. In other cases, interpretation of the findingsmay require input of others, such
21、 as a chemist, qualified to relate the observations to the questions to be answered.3.4 The petrographer should be familiar with the ASTM standards referenced in 2.1.4. Significance and Use4.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes:4.1.1 Determine the physical and chemical cha
22、racteristics (mineralogy, texture, and composition) of the stone specimen thatmay be observed by petrographic methods and that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.4.1.2 Describe and classify the minerals of the specimen.4.1.3 Classify the stone both commercially and
23、 geologically based on Terminology C119, recognizing the differences innomenclature; and based on the following standards, as appropriate:Specification C406Specification C503Specification C568Specification C615Specification C616Specification C629Specification C1526Specification C15274.1.4 Determine
24、the relative amounts of the minerals of the specimen and constituents that have a bearing on the performanceof the material in its intended use.4.1.5 Compare characteristics of the stone with specimens from one or more sources, for which test data or performance recordsare available.4.2 The petrogra
25、pher should be told in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kindof information needed, and the extent of examination desired.4.2.1 Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, such as physical and mechanical testing, should bemade
26、available. The petrographers advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination. Availablephysical and mechanical testing may include the following:Test Methods C97Test Method C99Test Method C170Test Method C880Test Methods C120Test Method C121Test Method C241Test Method C1
27、353Test Method C2174.3 This guide may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service andthe petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of theC1721 152examination and an
28、alyses to be made, and should record their agreement in writing. The agreement may stipulate specificdeterminations to be made, observations to be reported, funds to be obligated, or a combination of these or other conditions.4.4 Petrographic examinations provide identification of type and varieties
29、 of minerals and structures present in the specimen.However, as noted above, identification of all minerals and structures present in the specimen is not required.4.5 The petrographic examination should establish whether the specimen contains chemically unstable minerals or volumetri-cally unstable
30、materials.4.6 Petrographic examination should identify weathered or otherwise altered constituents or minerals and describe the extentof that weathering or alteration. Where possible, describe potential aesthetic changes that may occur as a result of weathering.NOTE 1If the dimension stone will be e
31、xposed to freezing and thawing and may become wet or saturated in use, finely porous and highly weatheredor otherwise altered minerals should be identified because these materials will be especially susceptible to damage by freezing and thawing.4.7 Petrographic examination should identify constituen
32、ts or minerals and the extent to which they may lead to staining andcolor change of the surface of the stone when the stone is exposed to the weather for exterior use.4.8 Petrographic examination should identify and estimate proportions of constituents that may be susceptible to deteriorationfrom at
33、tack by deicing agents where proposed for use at grade level in freezing environments where deicing salts are anticipatedto be used.4.9 Criteria are available for identifying minerals by their optical properties or by XRD. Criteria are available for identifyingrocks by their mineral composition and
34、texture. Examination in both reflected and transmitted light may be necessary to providedata for these identifications. X-ray microanalysis using energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometers with scanning electron microscopy(SEM/EDX) or wavelength-dispersive X-ray spectrometers in electron microprobes (EMP
35、A/WDX) may provide usefulinformation on the chemical composition of minerals and rocks.4.10 The objectives for which this guide was prepared, will have been attained if those involved with the evaluation of thespecimen have reasonable assurance that the petrographic examination results, wherever and
36、 whenever obtained, may confidentlybe compared.5. Sampling5.1 Stone specimens for petrographic examination are best obtained under guidance of a geologist familiar with therequirements of this standard. Information on the exact location from which the specimen was taken and other pertinent data shou
37、ldbe recorded or submitted with the specimen. The amount of material actually studied in the petrographic examination will bedetermined by the nature of the examination to be made and the nature of the material to be examined, as discussed below. It ispreferable that the specimens be selected and pr
38、epared by the person performing the petrographic examination.5.2 Specimen(s) provided for examination with unknown origin:5.2.1 Often. specimens are submitted for petrographic analysis without information as to origin. In this case, report that theorigin of the specimen is unknown or attempt to obta
39、in information from the submitter as to country, quarry of origin, and geologicformation.5.3 Specimen(s) selected from materials submitted for petrographic analysis as well as for physical and mechanical testing:5.3.1 It is desirable to examine specimens that have been previously tested for physical
40、 and mechanical properties, forcomparison with non-tested specimens. Petrographic analysis can sometimes explain anomalous physical and mechanical resultsas well as features that may be of concern, based solely on visual examination.5.4 Specimen(s) selected from operating quarry for petrographic ana
41、lysis.5.4.1 Investigate vertical and lateral variations in the composition, texture, and microstructure of the material comprising theformation.5.4.2 Examine specimen stone material produced that is representative of material to be used.5.4.3 Identify visible features and characteristics and their v
42、ariations to aid purchaser in selecting stone for use.5.4.4 Provide description or sketch of quarry and proposed extraction location(s), and locations from which specimens forpetrographic study were taken.NOTE 2Refer to Guide C1799 for additional information on selecting, preparing, and conditioning
43、 test specimens.6. Procedure6.1 Selection of Specimens for Direct Petrographic Examination:6.2 Record:6.2.1 Notes should be taken during the examination. Each specimen should be described; the relevant features may include thefollowing: shape and dimensions of specimen,6.2.2 Specimen surface texture
44、s and finishes,6.2.3 Crystal or grain size, or both,C1721 1536.2.4 Internal structure, including observations of preferred orientation, segregation of grains or crystals, pore space, packingof grains, cementation of grains,6.2.5 Color,6.2.6 Rock name and minerals composition,6.2.7 Significant hetero
45、geneities in appearance,6.2.8 General physical condition of the specimen (for example, freshness, weathering, alteration),6.2.9 Presence of discontinuities (for example, rock cleavage, foliation, bedding, layering, fissures, fractures, vugs, stylolites,and fossils), and6.2.10 Presence of constituent
46、s known to be chemically or physically unstable.7. Report7.1 State purpose of the examination.7.2 Summarize the essential data needed to identify the specimen as to source and proposed use, and include a descriptiongiving the essential data on characteristics, composition, and properties of the mate
47、rial as revealed by the examination.7.3 List the test procedures employed, and give a description of the nature and features of each important constituent of thespecimen, accompanied by such tables and photographs as may be required.7.4 Describe petrographic features, mineralogy, and structures obse
48、rved that may have an effect on the physical, mechanical,and aesthetic performance of the material when used as dimension stone.7.5 Express the findings and conclusions in terms likely to be intelligible to those who must make decisions as to the suitabilityof a material for use as dimension stone.
49、Report observations made on features described in Section 6.7.6 Describe qualitatively and, to the extent practicable, quantitatively, those properties or constituents that are known to havespecific unfavorable effects. The unfavorable effects that may be expected to ensue should be mentioned.NOTE 3When appropriate, it should be stated that a given specimen was not found to contain any unfavorable features. When such is the case it mayalso be appropriate, especially if the report of the petrographic examination is not accompanied by reports of results of physical, mechanical
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