1、Designation: C1747/C1747M 11C1747/C1747M 13Standard Test Method forDetermining Potential Resistance to Degradation ofPervious Concrete by Impact and Abrasion1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1747/C1747M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of origin
2、al adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method covers determining the potential resistan
3、ce to degradation of pervious concrete by measuring the mass lossof specimens subjected to combined action of impact and abrasion in a rotating steel drum.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values statedin each system may
4、not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnot
5、es(excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practic
6、es and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.(WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin andtissue upon prolonged use.2)2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggrega
7、tesC131 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-Size Coarse Aggregate by Abrasion and Impact in the Los AngelesMachineC136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse AggregatesC172 Practice for Sampling Freshly Mixed ConcreteC192/C192M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test S
8、pecimens in the LaboratoryC470/C470M Specification for Molds for Forming Concrete Test Cylinders VerticallyC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC1688/C1688M Test Method for Density and Void Content of Freshly Mixed Pervious ConcreteD692
9、6 Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Specimens Using Marshall ApparatusE11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology C125.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Stand
10、ard:3.2.1 design density, nthe mass of a unit volume of pervious concrete based on the theoretical mixture proportions and voidcontent and where the unit volume includes the volume of the solids and the voids.3.2.2 raveling, nthe wearing away of a pavement surface due to dislodgement of aggregate pa
11、rticles.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.49 onPervious Concrete.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2011Nov. 1, 2013. Published February 2012. Originally approved in 2011. Last pr
12、evious edition approved in 2011 asC1747/C1747M11. DOI: 10.1520/C1747_C1747M-11.10.1520/C1747_C1747M-13.2 See Section on Safety Precautions, Manual of Aggregate and Concrete Testing, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol. 04.02.3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or cont
13、actASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have bee
14、n made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document
15、.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of casting cylindrical specimens of pervious concrete at the desi
16、gn density, then subjecting thecured specimens to a combination of actions including impact, abrasion or attrition, and grinding in a rotating steel drum. Thepotential resistance to degradation by impact and abrasion is expressed as the percentage mass loss after 500 revolutions of thesteel drum. Hi
17、gher potential resistance to degradation by impact and abrasion is associated with lower mass loss.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a procedure for evaluating the potential resistance to degradation by impact and abrasion ofpervious concrete mixtures. A common failure mode of per
18、vious concrete pavements is raveling. This test allows the comparisonof the relative potential resistance to raveling of pervious concrete mixtures of varying proportions and raw materials. In addition,in the field, raveling is caused by improper paste consistency, workability loss, inadequate compa
19、ction, and improper curingthistest method does not address any of these causes. There is no known correlation between this test method and the field performanceof pervious concrete.5.1.1 This information may be used to compare proposed mixture proportions, yet to be placed, but is not intended to be
20、 usedfor mixture qualification or jobsite acceptance testing.5.1.2 This test method is applicable to pervious concrete mixtures containing coarse aggregate with a nominal maximum sizeof 25 mm 1 in. or smaller.5.1.3 This test method is only applicable to cylindrical specimens cast as described herein
21、. The precision and bias have not beenevaluated for drilled cores.6. Apparatus6.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate to 1 g 0.002 lb at any point and capable of weighing up to 2.5 kg 5 lb.6.2 Marshall HammerA device used to compact the pervious concrete specimen that shall conform to the requirement
22、s fora manual compaction hammer in Practice D6926.6.3 Cylinder MoldsMolds for casting concrete test specimens shall be plastic and conform to the requirements of SpecificationC470/C470M. Cylinder molds shall be 100 mm 4 in. in diameter and 200 mm 8 in. tall.6.4 Measuring DeviceA ruler, metal roll-up
23、 measuring tape, or similar rigid or semi-rigid length-measuring instrumentmarked in increments of 1 mm 116 in. or smaller. The instrument length shall be at least 300 mm 12 in.6.5 Los Angeles MachineA Los Angeles machine, conforming to Section 6 of Test Method C131.6.6 SievesThe sieve cloth and sta
24、ndard sieve frames shall conform to the requirements of Specification E11. Nonstandardsieve frames shall conform to the requirements of Specification E11 as applicable.6.7 Hand ToolsScoop or spoon of a size large enough so each amount of pervious concrete obtained from the samplingreceptacle is repr
25、esentative and small enough so that the concrete is not spilled during placement in the cylinder mold.7. Sample7.1 For concrete delivered in a transportation unit, obtain the sample of freshly-mixed pervious concrete in accordance withPractice C172 (See Note 1).7.1.1 Start molding the specimens with
26、in 5 min after obtaining the final portion of the composite sample.NOTE 1This option is applicable when trial batches are conducted in a ready mixed concrete truck.7.2 For laboratory testing, obtain the sample of freshly mixed pervious concrete in accordance with Practice C192/C192M.7.2.1 Start mold
27、ing the specimens within 5 min after obtaining the sample.7.3 DensityDetermine and record the density of the fresh pervious concrete in accordance with Test Method C1688/C1688M.8. Test Sample Preparation8.1 Place of MoldingMold specimens promptly on a level, rigid surface, free of vibration and othe
28、r disturbances, at a placeas near as practicable to the location where they are to be stored.8.2 Specimen PreparationCalculate to the nearest 1 g 0.001 lb the mass of pervious concrete required to fill the mold to aheight of 100 mm 4 in. at the design density (See Note 2). Place the balance on a fla
29、t, level surface free from vibration. Placethe cylinder mold on the balance and tare the mass of the empty mold. Place fresh concrete in the mold in as few scoops aspracticable. Adjust concrete mass to within 6 5g 6 0.01 lb of the calculated fresh mass using a scoop or spoon. Move thecylinders to th
30、e place of molding. Drop the mold from a height of 25 6 12 mm 1 6 0.5 in. ten times onto the level, rigid surface.Use the Marshall hammer to consolidate the first specimen to a specified height of 100 6 2 mm 4 6 116 in. For a stiff mixture,drop the hammer mass from the full height for each blow whil
31、e holding the axis of the compaction hammer as nearly perpendicularas possible to the base of the cylinder mold. For a highly workable mixture, use one-half to one-third of the full drop height asis applicable. Use the measuring device to determine the height of the compacted specimen after each blo
32、w. Provide additionalC1747/C1747M 132hammer blows as needed to achieve the specified height. If a specimen is over-compacted, discard the concrete and mold a newspecimen. If full blows are used, record the number of Marshall hammer blows necessary to compact the first specimen to thespecified height
33、 and use that number of blows for the remaining specimens in the set. If less than full blows are used, eachspecimen must be checked with the measuring device to ensure the specified height is attained. Upon completion of molding, placetight fitting caps or bags on the open end of the cylinder molds
34、 to prevent moisture loss during curing. Three specimens shall beprepared to provide a single test result. Specimens shall be allowed to set in an upright position.NOTE 2The volume of a 100 by 100 mm 4 by 4 in. specimen is 0.0007854 m3 0.001077 yd3 so, by multiplying the sum of the batch weights for
35、a cubic meter yard of the theoretical mixture proportions by this number, the operator can calculate the mass of fresh concrete required for eachspecimen.8.3 StorageIf specimens cannot be molded at the place where they will receive initial curing, immediately after compactionmove the specimens to an
36、 initial curing place for storage. The supporting surface on which specimens are stored shall be level towithin 20 mm per m 14 in. per ft.8.4 Initial CuringImmediately after molding, the specimens shall be stored for a period up to 48 h in a temperature range from16 and 27 C 60 and 80 F and in an en
37、vironment preventing moisture loss from the specimens. Shield all specimens from directsunlight and, if used, radiant heating devices. The storage temperature shall be controlled by use of heating and cooling devices,as necessary. Record the air temperature adjacent to the specimens using a maximum-
38、minimum thermometer. Specimens shall notbe transported until at least 24 h after casting.8.5 Final CuringUpon completing of initial curing, cure specimens at a temperature of 23 6 2 C 73.5 6 3.5 F for 7.006 0.25 days measured from the time of molding. Final curing shall be completed without removing
39、 the cylinder molds, bags, orcaps.8.6 IdentificationMark the specimens to positively identify them and the concrete they represent. Do not mark the removablecaps or bags.9. Procedure9.1 Upon completion of curing, remove the molds, wipe the specimens dry of any free moisture, and place the three spec
40、imensused to provide a single test result on the balance. Record the mass of the three specimens as the original mass.9.2 Within 30 min after removing the molds, place the three specimens in the LosAngeles machine so that no edges are chippedin the process. Do not charge the machine with steel spher
41、es. Rotate the machine at 30 to 33 r/min for 500 revolutions.9.3 After 500 revolutions, discharge the material from the machine and hand sieve the material on a 25-mm (1-in.) sieve. Rotatethe particles, if necessary, in order to determine whether they will pass through the sieve opening; however, do
42、 not force particlesto pass. Record the final mass as that material retained on the 25-mm (1-in.) sieve.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the mass loss as the difference between the original mass of the three specimens and the final mass retained onthe sieve.10.2 Divide the mass loss by the original mas
43、s of the three cylindersspecimens and multiply by 100.10.3 Record the mass loss as a percentage of the original mass to the nearest 1 %.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Identification of the mixture,11.1.2 Number of blows necessary for compaction,11.1.3 Maximum and minimum temp
44、erature for initial curing,11.1.4 Original mass and final mass of the three specimens,11.1.5 Mass loss of the specimens expressed to the nearest 1 % by mass, and11.1.6 The density and void content of the mixture, as proportioned and as measured by Test Method C1688/C1688M.12. Precision and Bias12.1
45、The precision of this test method is based on an inter-laboratory study, RR:C09-1041,4 conducted in 2010.NOTE 3Repeatability testing was performed by seven laboratories using pervious concrete mixtures proportioned using local materials. Eachlaboratory prepared three batches (designed at void conten
46、ts of 18, 20, and 22 % respectively) and performed three replicate tests per batch (a test includesthree individual specimens). Five of the laboratories had 2 different technicians performing the test. The percent mass loss ranged between 19 % and 95 %.4 Supporting data have been filed at ASTM Inter
47、national Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C09-1041.C1747/C1747M 13312.1.1 The single-operator standard deviation of a single test result (a test includes three individual specimens) has been foundto be 1.4 %.12.1.2 The single-laboratory, multi-operator standard devia
48、tion of a single test result (a test includes three individual specimens)has been found to be 1.3 %.12.2 At the time of the study, there was no accepted reference material suitable for determining the bias for this test method,therefore no statement on bias is being made.13. Keywords13.1 abrasion; d
49、urability; impact; Marshall hammer; pervious concrete; ravelingSUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to these test methods since the last issue,C1747/C1747M 11, that may impact the use of these test methods. (Approved Nov. 1, 2013)(1) Revised section 10.2.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the va
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