1、Designation: C1752 11Standard Guide forMeasuring Physical and Rheological Properties ofRadioactive Solutions, Slurries, and Sludges1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1752; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of re
2、vision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Intent:1.1.1 The intent of this guide is to provide guidance for themeasurement and calculation of
3、 physical and rheologicalproperties of radioactive solutions, slurries, and sludges as wellas simulants designed to model the properties of these radio-active materials.1.2 Applicability:1.2.1 This guide is intended for measurement of mass andvolume of the solution, slurries, and sludges as well asd
4、issolved solids content in the liquid fraction and solids contentassociated with the slurries and sludges. Particle size distribu-tion is also measured.1.2.2 This guide identifies the data required and the equa-tions recommended for calculation of density (bulk, settledsolids, supernatant, and centr
5、ifuged solids), settling rate, vol-ume and weight percent of the centrifuged solids and settledsolids, and the weight percent undissolved solids, dissolvedsolids, and total oxides.1.2.3 This guide is intended for measurement of shearstrength and shear stress as a function of shear rate.1.2.4 Rheolog
6、ical property measurement guidelines in thisguide are limited to rotational rheometers.1.2.5 This guide is limited to measurements of viscous andincipient flow and does not include oscillatory rheometry.1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement ar
7、e included in thisstandard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations p
8、rior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear MaterialsC1751 Guide for Sampling Radioactive Tank WasteD1193 Specification for Reagent Water2.2 Other Standards:3ISO13320-1 “Particle Size AnalysisLaser DiffractionMethods. Part 1: General Principles,” Inter
9、national Orga-nization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland (1999)3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 apparent viscosity, nmeasured shear stress dividedby the measured shear rate.3.1.2 density, nin the United States, mass per unit vol-ume.3.1.3 interstitial solution, nin this guide, interstitial
10、 solu-tion is the solution contained between the suspended, settled, orcentrifuged solid particles of a sludge sample.3.1.4 Newtonian fluid, na fluid whose apparent viscosityis independent of shear rate.3.1.5 non-Newtonian fluid, na fluid whose apparent vis-cosity varies with shear rate.3.1.6 rheogr
11、am, nplot of shear stress versus shear rate.3.1.6.1 DiscussionA rheogram is also called a flow curve.3.1.7 shear rate, nin laminar flow, the velocity gradientperpendicular to the direction of shear flow in parallel adjacentlayers of a fluid body under shear force.3.1.8 shear strength, nmaximum stres
12、s measured duringincipient motion.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on NuclearFuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.13 on Spent Fueland High Level Waste.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2011. Published December 2011. DOI:10.1520/C175211.2For
13、 referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, Ame
14、ricanChemical Society, Washington, D. C. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U. K., and the United States Pharmacopeiaand National Formulary, U. S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc.
15、(USPC), Rockville,MD.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.9 shear stress, nshear force per unit area.3.1.10 sludge, nin this guide, sludge is wet solids havinglittle or no standing liquid (that is, mud-like).3.1.11 slu
16、rry, nin this guide, a slurry is a mixture of solidsand solution3.1.12 supernatant liquid, na liquid phase overlying ma-terial deposited by settling, precipitation, or centrifugation.3.1.13 solids settling rate, nin this guide, the rate at whichsolids in a homogenized sample settle as defined by the
17、 changein the settled solids height as a function of time.3.1.14 volume percent (vol%) settled solids, nin thisguide, the percentage of the volume of the slurry sample thatthe settled solids with its interstitial liquid occupy after settlingfor a specified time under one gravity.3.1.15 volume percen
18、t (vol%) centrifuged solids, nin thisguide, the volume of the solids layer with its interstitial liquidthat separates from the bulk slurry after centrifugation at aspecified time and centrifugal force divided by the total samplevolume on a percentage basis.3.1.16 weight percent (wt%) total oxides, n
19、percentage ofthe mass of the bulk sample that remains after converting allnon-volatile elements to oxides at 1000C.3.1.17 weight percent (wt%) centrifuged solids, nin thisguide, the mass of the solids layer with its interstitial liquid thatseparates from the bulk slurry after centrifugation at a spe
20、cifiedtime and centrifugal force divided by the total bulk slurrysample mass on a percentage basis.3.1.18 weight percent (wt%) dissolved solids, nmass ofdissolved species in the supernatant liquid divided by the totalmass of the supernatant liquid on a percentage basis.3.1.19 weight percent (wt%) dr
21、ied solids, npercentage ofthe mass of the sample that remains after removing volatilesincluding free water by drying at 105 6 5C to a stable mass.3.1.19.1 DiscussionWt% total dried solids and wt% cen-trifuged dried solids are the wt% dried solids in the bulksample and centrifuged solids, respectivel
22、y.3.1.20 weight percent (wt%) undissolved solids,ncalculated value reflecting the percent mass of solidsremaining if all the supernatant liquid and interstitial solutionwere removed from the bulk slurry.3.1.21 yield stress, nminimum stress required to initiatefluid movement as determined by a flow c
23、urve using arheological model.3.2 Nomenclature:3.2.1 bHershel-Bulkley power law exponent (unitless).3.2.2 Bsteady-state torque in a shear strength test inNcm.3.2.3 Ddiameter of the shear vane in cm.3.2.4 DTdiameter of the shear strength sample cup in cm.3.2.5 Hheight of the shear vane in cm.3.2.6 kH
24、ershel-Bulkley consistency coefficient in Pasb.3.2.7 mpower law consistency coefficient in Pasn.3.2.8 MBtotal mass of bulk slurry after centrifugation ing.3.2.9 MCCmass of the centrifuge cone in g.3.2.10 MCRmass of the crucible in g.3.2.11 MCSmass of the centrifuged solids and their inter-stitial li
25、quid in g.3.2.12 MDCSmass of the oven dried centrifuged solids ing.3.2.13 MDCLmass of the oven dried centrifuged superna-tant liquid in g.3.2.14 MFSCmass of the fired solids (1000C) in thecrucible in g.3.2.15 MOSCmass of the oven dried solids (105C) in thecrucible in g.3.2.16 MSmass of the decanted
26、supernatant liquid aftercentrifugation in g.3.2.17 MSLmass of the supernatant liquid after gravitysettling in g.3.2.18 MSSmass of the settled solids and interstitial liquidafter gravity settling in g.3.2.19 MVLmass of a subsample of the decanted centri-fuged supernatant liquid in g.3.2.20 MWCSmass o
27、f the wet sample in the crucible in g.3.2.21 npower law exponent (unitless).3.2.22 Nrotational rate of the shear vane in revolutionsper min.3.2.23 PMCSpercent mass of centrifuged solids with theassociated interstitial liquid in the slurry.3.2.24 PMDSpercent mass of oven dried solids in thecrucible.3
28、.2.25 PMOXpercent mass of oxides in the slurry.3.2.26 PMSSpercent mass of settled solids with its asso-ciated interstitial liquid.3.2.27 PMTSpercent mass of total solids.3.2.28 PMUSpercent mass of undissolved solids in theslurry.3.2.29 PODSpercent mass of oven dried solids in thecentrifuged solids i
29、ncluding interstitial liquid.3.2.30 PVCSpercent volume of centrifuged solids with itsassociated interstitial liquid in the slurry.3.2.31 PVSSpercent volume of settled solids with itsassociated interstitial liquid in the slurry.3.2.32 r2correlation coefficient (unitless).3.2.33 R1radius of the inner
30、cylinder of the viscometerconcentric cylinder geometry in cm.3.2.34 R2radius of the outer cylinder of the viscometerconcentric cylinder geometry in cm.3.2.35 ReReynolds number (unitless).3.2.36 Rtmaximum torque in a shear strength test inNcm.3.2.37 VBtotal volume of bulk sample after centrifugationi
31、n mL.3.2.38 VCSvolume centrifuged solids and the associatedinterstitial liquid in mL.3.2.39 VSvolume of decanted supernatant liquid aftercentrifugation in mL.3.2.40 VSBtotal volume of bulk sample after gravitysettling in mL.3.2.41 VSLvolume of supernatant liquid after gravitysettling in mL.3.2.42 VS
32、Svolume of settled solids with its associatedinterstitial liquid after gravity settling in mL.3.2.43 Z1height of the sample above the top of theimmersed shear vane in cm.C1752 1123.2.44 Z2depth of the sample below the immersed shearvane in cm.3.2.45 rBbulk density of slurry in g/mL.3.2.46 rCSdensity
33、 of centrifuged solids in g/mL.3.2.47 rSdensity of supernatant liquid in g/mL.3.2.48 rSSdensity of settled solids in g/mL.3.2.49 tshear stress in Pa.3.2.50 toshear strength in Pa.3.2.51 toBBingham yield stress in Pa.3.2.52 toHHerschel-Bulkley yield stress in Pa.3.2.53 hNewtonian viscosity in Pas.3.2
34、.54 hpplastic viscosity in Pas.3.2.55 gshear rate in s-1.3.2.56 apparent viscosity in Pas.3.3 Other unique terms used throughout the nuclear industryare defined in the terminology standard for the ASTM com-mittee on the nuclear fuel cycle (Terminology C859).4. Summary of Guide4.1 Guidance for the me
35、asurement and calculation of physi-cal and rheological properties of radioactive solutions, slurries,and sludges is provided. Methods are applicable to remotehandling and measurement of samples with significant radia-tion doses.4.2 Physical properties including bulk density, settled solidsdensity, c
36、entrifuged solids density, supernatant density, settlingrate, and volume and weight percent centrifuged and settledsolids are determined by measuring the solids with theirinterstitial liquid and supernatant liquid masses and volumes asa function of time during settling and centrifugation of slurryan
37、d sludge samples.4.3 Dissolved and undissolved solids content of solutions,slurries, and sludges as well as the solids separated by settlingor centrifugation, or both, are calculated by measuring the massof the sample prior to and after drying the sample. Oxidecontent is determined by measuring the
38、mass of the sampleafter heating the sample in air at high enough temperatures tooxidize the solids in the sample.4.3.1 Automated moisture analyzers may be used to mea-sure solids content after the automated method has beenverified to provide comparable results for similar samples tothe oven drying m
39、ethod described in this standard.4.4 The flow behavior of solutions, slurries, and sludges ischaracterized by determining the shear strength, apparentviscosity, and yield stress of the material by measuring theshear stress of a sample as the shear rate on the sample issystematically varied.5. Signif
40、icance and Use5.1 Measurements performed in this guide are limited toradioactive solutions, slurries, and sludges as well as simulantsdesigned to model the properties of these radioactive materials.5.2 Data obtained from the measurement and calculation ofphysical and rheological properties of radioa
41、ctive solutions,slurries, and sludges are essential in developing appropriatesimulants for design and testing of retrieval, transport, mixing,and storage systems for treatment of radioactive materials.These data also provide input parameters for modeling the flowbehavior, processing, transport, safe
42、ty, and storage of theseradioactive materials.5.3 Consistency in the handling of samples, measurementmethods, and calculations is essential in obtaining reproducibleresults of rheological and physical property measurements.5.4 This guide will be used to measure or calculate thephysical properties li
43、sted below.5.4.1 Bulk slurry density5.4.2 Settled solids density5.4.3 Centrifuged solids density5.4.4 Supernatant density5.4.5 Settling rate5.4.6 Volume percent centrifuged solids5.4.7 Volume percent settled solids after settling5.4.8 Undissolved solids content5.4.9 Dissolved solids content5.4.10 We
44、ight percent centrifuged solids5.4.11 Weight percent total oxides5.4.12 Solids content of the centrifuged solids5.4.13 Total solids content5.5 This guide describes the process of performing measure-ment of the rheological properties. The rheological measure-ments and calculations described in this g
45、uide are limited toshear strength, shear stress versus shear rate, apparent viscos-ity, consistency, and yield stress.5.6 Due to the nature of some solutions, slurries, andsludges, not all of the measurements described in this standardmay be applicable to all samples. For example, some sludgesdo not
46、 settle; therefore, settling rate measurements are notapplicable for these samples.6. Reagents and Materials6.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemicals shall beused in all measurements. Unless otherwise indicated, it isintended that all reagents conform to the specifications of theCommittee on Ana
47、lytical Reagents of the American ChemicalSociety where such specifications are available.3Other gradesmay be used, provided it is first ascertained that the reagent isof sufficiently high purity to permit its use without lesseningthe accuracy of the determination.6.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise
48、indicated, referenceto water shall be understood to mean reagent water as definedby Type II of Specification D1193 or purer.6.3 Viscosity standards certified to a national standardsbody should be used to calibrate the rheometer.7. Hazards7.1 Radiological hazards including external dose, internaldose
49、, and contamination are present when handling radioactivesolutions, slurries, and sludges.7.2 Drying and muffle furnaces are maintained at hightemperatures (105 and 1000C, respectively) during the mea-surement of solid and oxide content.8. Sampling, Test Specimens, and Test Units8.1 At least duplicate samples should be analyzed forphysical and rheological property determinations.C1752 1138.2 Care should be taken to obtain representative samplesduring all sampling activities. Details on m
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