1、Designation: C1773 13Standard Test Method forMonotonic Axial Tensile Behavior of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Tubular Test Specimens atAmbient Temperature1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1773; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
2、original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the axial tensile strengthand s
3、tress-strain response of continuous fiber-reinforced ad-vanced ceramic composite tubes at ambient temperature undermonotonic loading. This test method is specific to tubegeometries, because fiber architecture and specimen geometryfactors are often distinctly different in composite tubes, ascompared
4、to flat plates.1.2 In the test method a composite tube/cylinder with adefined gage section and a known wall thickness is fitted/bonded into a loading fixture. The test specimen/fixture assem-bly is mounted in the testing machine and monotonicallyloaded in uniaxial tension at ambient temperature whil
5、e record-ing the tensile force and the strain in the gage section. The axialtensile strength and the fracture strength are determined fromthe maximum applied force and the fracture force. The strains,the proportional limit stress, and the tensile modulus ofelasticity are determined from the stress-s
6、train data.1.3 This test method applies primarily to advanced ceramicmatrix composite tubes with continuous fiber reinforcement:uni-directional (1-D, filament wound and tape lay-up), bi-directional (2-D, fabric/tape lay-up and weave), and tri-directional (3-D, braid and weave). These types of cerami
7、cmatrix composites are composed of a wide range of ceramicfibers (oxide, graphite, carbide, nitride, and other composi-tions) in a wide range of crystalline and amorphous ceramicmatrix compositions (oxide, carbide, nitride, carbon, graphite,and other compositions).1.4 This test method does not direc
8、tly address discontinuousfiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced or particulate-reinforcedceramics, although the test methods detailed here may beequally applicable to these composites.1.5 The test method describes a range of test specimen tubegeometries based on past tensile testing of ceramic composi
9、tetubes. These geometries are applicable to tubes with outerdiameters of 10 to 150 mm and wall thicknesses of 1 to 25 mm,where the ratio of the outer diameter-to-wall thickness (dO/t)is typically between 5 and 30.1.5.1 This test method is specific to ambient temperaturetesting. Elevated temperature
10、testing requires high temperaturefurnaces and heating devices with temperature control andmeasurement systems and temperature-capable grips and load-ing fixtures, which are not addressed in this test standard.1.6 The test method addresses test equipment, grippingmethods, testing modes, allowable ben
11、ding stresses,interferences, tubular test specimen geometries, test specimenpreparation, test procedures, data collection, calculation, re-porting requirements, and precision/bias in the followingsections.SectionScope 1Referenced Documents 2Terminology 3Summary of Test Method 4Significance and Use 5
12、Interferences 6Apparatus 7Hazards 8Test Specimens 9Test Procedure 10Calculation of Results 11Report 12Precision and Bias 13Keywords 14AnnexesInterferences Annex A1Test Specimen Geometry Annex A2Grip Fixtures and Load Train Couplers Annex A3Allowable Bending and Load Train Alignment Annex A4Test Mode
13、s and Rates Annex A51.7 UnitsThe values stated in SI units are to be regardedas standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practice
14、s and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-tionary statements are given in Section 8.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 onAdvanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.07 onCeramic Matrix Composit
15、es.Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2013. Published April 2013. DOI: 10.1520/C1773-13.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1145 Terminology of Advanced CeramicsC1239 Practice for
16、 Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data andEstimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for AdvancedCeramicsC1273 Test Method for Tensile Strength of MonolithicAdvanced Ceramics at Ambient TemperaturesC1557 Test Method for Tensile Strength and Youngs Modu-lus of FibersD3878 Terminology for Composite Materia
17、lsD5450 Test Method for Transverse Tensile Properties ofHoop Wound Polymer Matrix Composite CylindersE4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing MachinesE6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical TestingE83 Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-someter SystemsE122 Practice f
18、or Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, WithSpecified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of aLot or ProcessE251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-tallic Bonded Resistance Strain GaugesE337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and
19、Dry-Bulb Tem-peratures)E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE1012 Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive AxialForce Application3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 Pertinent definition
20、s, as listed in Terminology C1145,Practice E1012, Terminology D3878, and Terminology E6, areshown in the following with the appropriate source in boldtype. Additional terms used in conjunction with this testmethod are defined in the following:3.1.2 advanced ceramic, na highly engineered, high per-fo
21、rmance predominantly nonmetallic, inorganic, ceramic ma-terial having specific functional attributes. C11453.1.3 axial strain, nthe average of the longitudinal strainsmeasured at the surface on opposite sides of the longitudinalaxis of symmetry of the test specimen by two strain-sensingdevices locat
22、ed at the mid length of the reduced section. E10123.1.4 bending strain, nthe difference between the strain atthe surface and the axial strain. In general, the bending strainvaries from point to point around and along the reduced sectionof the test specimen. E10123.1.5 ceramic matrix composite, na ma
23、terial consisting oftwo or more materials (insoluble in one another), in which themajor, continuous component (matrix component) is a ceramic,while the secondary component/s (reinforcing component) maybe ceramic, glass-ceramic, glass, metal or organic in nature.These components are combined on a mac
24、roscale to form auseful engineering material possessing certain properties orbehavior not possessed by the individual constituents. C11453.1.6 continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composite(CFCC), na ceramic matrix composite in which the reinforc-ing phase consists of a continuous fiber, conti
25、nuous yarn, or awoven fabric. C11453.1.7 fracture (breaking) force, Pfracture,nthe force atwhich the test specimen ruptures, breaking into two or morepieces.3.1.8 fracture strength, Sf,nthe tensile stress at which thetest specimen ruptures, breaking into two or more pieces orwhere the applied force
26、drops off significantly. Typically, a 10% force drop off is considered significant.3.1.9 gage length, lO,nthe original length of that portionof the test specimen over which strain or change of length isdetermined. E63.1.10 matrix-cracking stress, nthe applied tensile stressat which the matrix in the
27、 composite cracks into a series ofroughly parallel blocks normal to the tensile stress.3.1.10.1 DiscussionIn some cases, the matrix crackingstress may be indicated on the stress-strain curve by deviationfrom linearity (proportional limit) or incremental drops in thestress with increasing strain. In
28、other cases, especially withmaterials which do not possess a linear portion of the stress-strain curve, the matrix cracking stress may be indicated as thefirst stress at which a permanent offset strain is detected in theunloading stress-strain (elastic limit).3.1.11 modulus of elasticity, E, nthe ra
29、tio of stress tocorresponding strains below the proportional limit. E63.1.12 modulus of resilience, Ur,nstrain energy per unitvolume required to elastically stress the material from zero tothe proportional limit indicating the ability of the material toabsorb energy when deformed elastically and ret
30、urn it whenunloaded.3.1.13 modulus of toughness, Ut,nstrain energy per unitvolume required to stress the material from zero to finalfracture indicating the ability of the material to absorb energybeyond the elastic range (that is, damage tolerance of thematerial).3.1.13.1 DiscussionThe modulus of to
31、ughness can also bereferred to as the cumulative damage energy and as such isregarded as an indication of the ability of the material to sustaindamage rather than as a material property. Fracture mechanicsmethods for the characterization of CFCCs have not beendeveloped. The determination of the modu
32、lus of toughness asprovided in this test method for the characterization of thecumulative damage process in CFCCs may become obsoletewhen fracture mechanics methods for CFCCs become avail-able.3.1.14 proportional limit stress, o,nthe greatest stressthat a material is capable of sustaining without an
33、y deviationfrom proportionality of stress to strain (Hookes law). E62For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM w
34、ebsite.C1773 1323.1.14.1 DiscussionMany experiments have shown thatvalues observed for the proportional limit vary greatly with thesensitivity and accuracy of the testing equipment, eccentricityof loading, the scale to which the stress-strain diagram isplotted, and other factors. When determination
35、of proportionallimit stress is required, the procedure and sensitivity of the testequipment should be specified.3.1.15 percent bending, nthe bending strain times 100divided by the axial strain. E10123.1.16 slow crack growth, nsubcritical crack growth (ex-tension) which may result from, but is not re
36、stricted to, suchmechanisms as environmentally-assisted stress corrosion ordiffusive crack growth. C11453.1.17 stress corrosion, nenvironmentally induced degra-dation that results in the formation and growth of cracks and/ordamage in glasses and many ceramics when subjected to thecombined action of
37、a corroding agent and stress. C11453.1.17.1 DiscussionSuch environmental effects com-monly include the action of moisture, as well as other corrosivespecies, often with strong temperature dependence.3.1.18 tensile strength, Su,nthe maximum tensile stresswhich a material is capable of sustaining. Ten
38、sile strength iscalculated from the maximum force during a tension testcarried to rupture and the original cross-sectional area of thetest specimen. E63.1.19 tow, nin fibrous composites, a continuous, orderedassembly of essentially parallel, collimated filaments, normallywithout twist and of continu
39、ous filaments. D38783.1.20 uniaxial tension, nthe application of tensile forcecoaxially with the long dimension of the test specimen.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method involves the testing of a ceramiccomposite tube/cylinder with a known wall thickness inmonotonic uniaxial tension at ambi
40、ent temperature. The pre-pared test specimen with a defined gage section is fitted/bondedinto a loading fixture and the test specimen/ fixture assembly ismounted in the testing machine. The test specimen is loaded inaxial tension while recording the applied force and resultingstrain. The axial tensi
41、le strength Suand the fracture strength Sfare determined from the maximum applied force and thefracture force. The axial strains, the proportional limit stress,and the tensile modulus of elasticity are determined from thestress-strain response data.4.2 Tensile strength as used in this test method re
42、fers to thetensile strength obtained under monotonic uniaxial loading. Inuniaxial loading, the force is applied coaxially with the longdimension of the tube test specimen. Monotonic refers to acontinuous nonstop test rate with no reversals from testinitiation to final fracture.4.3 This test method i
43、s applicable to a range of test cylinderspecimen geometries and sizes, which are described andconsidered in the test specimen section. A single fixed testspecimen geometry cannot be defined because there is a widerange of composite cylinder configurations in use and devel-opment. The different descr
44、ibed test specimen geometries aretypically applicable to tubes with outer diameters of 10 to 150mm and wall thicknesses of 1 to 25 mm, where the ratio of theouter diameter-to-wall thickness (dO/t) is between 5 and 30.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides information on the uniaxialten
45、sile properties and tensile stress-strain response of a ceramiccomposite tubetensile strength and strain, fracture strengthand strain, proportional limit stress and strain, tensile elasticmodulus, etc. The information may be used for materialdevelopment, material comparison, quality assurance,charac
46、terization, and design data generation.5.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites(CFCC) are composed of continuous ceramic-fiber directional(1-D, 2-D, and 3-D) reinforcements in a fine grain-sized (25 mm and shall be used for high-deformation testsbeyond the strain range of strain gages. Ext
47、ensometers shall becalibrated periodically in accordance with Test Method E83.For extensometers mechanically attached to the test specimen,the attachment should be such as to cause no damage to thespecimen surface. In addition, the weight of the extensometershould be supported, so as not to introduc
48、e bending stresses inthe test specimen greater than that allowed in 7.2.4.2.7.3.2 Strain GagesAlthough extensometers are com-monly used for CFCC strain measurement, strain can also bedetermined with bonded resistance strain gages and suitablestrain recording equipment. The strain gages, surfaceprepa
49、ration, and bonding agents should be chosen to provideadequate performance on the subject materials. Gage calibra-tion certification shall comply with Test Method E251.Ageneral reference on strain gages for composites is Tuttle andBrinson (15). Some guidelines on the use of strain gages onceramic composites are as follows.7.3.2.1 Strain Gage LengthUnless it can be shown thatstrain gage readings are not unduly influenced by localizedstrain events such as fiber crossovers, strain gages should notbe less than 9 to 12 mm in length for the longitudinal directi
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