1、Designation: C1781/C1781M 13C1781/C1781M 14Standard Test Method forSurface Infiltration Rate of Permeable Unit PavementSystems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1781/C1781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of
2、revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the field surface infiltration rate of in pl
3、ace permeable unit pavement systemssurfaced with solid interlocking concrete paving units, concrete grid paving units, or clay paving brick.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in eachsystem may not be exact equival
4、ents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from thetwo systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 The text of this test method references notes that provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered asrequirements of the t
5、est method.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Ref
6、erenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic Paving BrickC920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint SealantsC936 Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking Paving UnitsC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving BrickC1319 S
7、pecification for Concrete Grid Paving UnitsC1701 Test Method for Infiltration Rate of In Place Pervious Concrete2.2 Other Standards:3Federal Specification A-A-3110 (TT-P-1536A) Plumbing Fixture Setting Compound3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms used in this test method are defined in Terminology
8、 C1232.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 An infiltration ring is temporarily sealed to the surface of a permeable unit pavement system. These pavements typicallyconsist of solid concrete paving units conforming to Specification C936, concrete grid paving units conforming to SpecificationC1319, or clay pa
9、ving brick conforming to Specification C902 or C1272. These pavements allow drainage through joints betweenthe units or through voids formed by the intersection of two or more units or intentionally manufactured into the units. The resultsof this test method for unit pavement systems can be compared
10、 to that using Test Method C1701 for pervious concrete. Afterpre-wetting the test location, a given mass of water is introduced into the ring and the time for the water to infiltrate the pavementis recorded. The infiltration rate is calculated in accordance with 9.1.1 This test method is under the j
11、urisdiction ofASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.04 on Research.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2013July 1, 2014. Published September 2013August 2014. Originally approved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2013 asC1781/C178
12、1M 13. DOI: 10.1520/C1781_C1781M13.10.1520/C1781_C1781M14.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 A
13、vailable from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4, Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to
14、the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summar
15、y of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used for acceptance of surface infiltration of new permeable unit pavement syst
16、ems.5.2 Tests performed at the same location across a span of years may be used to detect a reduction of infiltration rate of thepermeable surface, thereby identifying the need for any remedial maintenance intended to increase the infiltration rates topredefined levels.5.3 The infiltration rate obta
17、ined by this method is valid only for the localized area of the pavement where the test is conducted.To determine the surface infiltration rate of the entire permeable pavement, multiple locations must be tested and the resultsaveraged.5.4 The minimum acceptable infiltration rate is typically establ
18、ished by the design engineer of record or the municipality andcan be a function of the design precipitation event.6. Apparatus6.1 Infiltration RingA cylindrical ring, open at both ends (See Fig. 1). The ring shall be watertight, sufficiently rigid to retainits form when filled with water, and shall
19、have a diameter of 300 6 10 mm 12.0 6 0.5 in. with a minimum height of 50 mm2.0 in. The bottom edge of the ring shall be even. The inner surface of the ring shall be marked or scored with two lines at adistance of 10 and 15 mm 0.40 and 0.60 in. from the bottom of the ring. Measure and record the inn
20、er diameter of the ring tothe nearest 1 mm 0.05 in.NOTE 1Ring materials that have been found to be suitable include steel, aluminum, rigid plastic, and PVC.6.2 BalanceA balance or scale accurate to 10 g 0.02 lb.6.3 ContainerAcylindrical container typically made of plastic having a volume of at least
21、 20 L 5 gal, and from which watermay be easily poured at a controlled rate into the infiltration ring.6.4 Stop WatchAccurate to 0.1 s.6.5 Plumbers Putty (Non-Hardening)Meeting Specification C920 or Federal Specification A-A-3110.6.6 WaterPotable water.7. Test Locations7.1 Perform tests at multiple l
22、ocations at a site as requested by the purchaser of testing services. Unless otherwise specified, usethe following to determine the number of tests to perform:7.1.1 Three test locations for areas up to 2500 m2 25 000 ft2.7.1.2 Add one test location for each additional 1000 m2 10 000 ft2 or fraction
23、thereof.7.2 Provide at least 1 m 3 ft clear distance between test locations, unless at least 24 h have elapsed between tests.7.3 Do not test if there is standing water on top of the permeable pavement. Do not test within 24 h of the last precipitation.8. Procedure8.1 Infiltration Ring InstallationCl
24、ean the pavement surface by only sweeping off trash, debris, and other non-seated material.8.2 Take a photograph of the immediate area to be tested to document the pavement pattern and layout. Move the ring over thesurface of the pavement until the pattern, drainage joints and drainage voids framed
25、within the infiltration ring are representativeof the entire paving pattern, drainage joints and drainage voids across the pavement surface. Set the ring on the pavement surfaceand mark its location by circumscribing it with chalk or other temporary marking. Take a photograph of the circumscribed ch
26、alkor temporary marking to document the placement of the ring relative to the pavement pattern and layout (see Note 2).NOTE 2The procedure in 8.2 for selecting and documenting the placement of the infiltration ring on a representative area of the pavement is sufficientin most cases for determining t
27、he infiltration rate of the pavement. The drainage area within the infiltration ring is typically within 620 % of the averageFIG. 1 Dimensions of Infiltration RingC1781/C1781M 142drainage area of the pavement as a whole. This accuracy is adequate for most situations. If a more accurate quantificatio
28、n of the infiltration rate is needed,the procedure detailed in Appendix X1 can be used to normalize the drainage area within the infiltration ring to the average drainage area of the pavementas a whole.8.3 For solid interlocking concrete paving units and clay brick paving, remove aggregate to a dept
29、h of no greater than 10 mm0.5 in. in any joint or drainage void that will be directly below the test ring and fill these areas with plumbers putty so that apositive seal can be made to the test ring once it is placed on the surface. Take care not to extend the plumbers putty more than10 mm 0.5 in. i
30、nside the perimeter of the chalk line or other temporary marking. For concrete grid paving units, center as muchof the ring as possible on the webs. For ring locations over openings, remove any vegetation, if present, directly below the testring to a depth of no greater than 10 mm 0.5 in and apply p
31、lumbers putty to the surface of the soil, or to the aggregate, if present,so that a positive seal can be made to the test ring once it is placed on the surface. Take care not to extend the plumbers putty morethan 10 mm 0.5 in. inside the perimeter of the chalk line or other temporary marking.8.4 App
32、ly plumbers putty around the bottom edge of the ring and place the ring onto the surface being tested. Press the puttyinto the surface and around the bottom edge of the ring to create a watertight seal making sure that the putty does not extend morethan 10 mm 0.5 in inside the perimeter of the ring.
33、 Place additional putty as needed to ensure a watertight seal.NOTE 3In a hot environment or when the surface temperature is over 38C 100F plumbers putty may not adhere to the surface of the pavementeasily. Therefore it is advisable to perform this test during a cooler temperature.8.5 PrewettingPour
34、water into the ring at a rate sufficient to maintain a head between the two marked lines. Take care to pourthe water such that it falls directly on the surface of a paving unit and not onto the joints. This minimizes displacement of jointingaggregate and any accumulated sediment in the joints during
35、 the test (see Note 4). Use a total of 3.60 6 0.05 kg 8.0 6 0.1 lbof water. Begin timing as soon as the water impacts the permeable pavement surface. Stop timing when free water is no longerpresent on the surface. Record the amount of elapsed time to the nearest 0.1 second.NOTE 4It is recommended th
36、at the pour height be limited to a maximum of 150 mm 6.0 in. above the surface of the paving units to minimizedisruption.8.6 TestThe test shall be started within 2 min after the completion of the prewetting. If the elapsed time in the prewetting stageis less than 30 s, then use a total of 18.00 6 0.
37、05 kg 40.00 6 0.1 lb of water. If the elapsed time in the prewetting stage is greaterthan or equal to 30 s, then use a total of 3.60 6 0.05 kg 8.0 6 0.1 lb of water. Record the weight of water to the nearest 10 g0.02 lb. Pour the water onto the ring at a rate sufficient to maintain a head between th
38、e two marked lines and until the measuredamount of water has been used. Take care to pour the water such that it falls directly on the surface of a paving unit and not ontothe joints. This minimizes displacement of jointing aggregate and any accumulated sediment in the joints during the test (see No
39、te5). Begin timing as soon as the water impacts the permeable pavement surface. Stop timing when free water is no longer presenton the surface. Record the testing duration (t) to the nearest 0.1 second.NOTE 5If a sloped pavement is being measured, maintain head between the two marked lines at the lo
40、west point of the slope.8.7 If a test is repeated at the same location, the repeat test does not require pre-wetting if conducted within 5 min aftercompletion of the first test. If more than one test is conducted at a location on a given day, the infiltration rate at that location onthat day shall b
41、e calculated as the average of the two tests. Do not repeat this test more than twice at the same location on a givenday.8.8 When completed with testing, remove plumbers putty from the joints and surface, reinstate the removed aggregate jointingmaterials, and sweep test area clean.9. Calculation9.1
42、Calculate the infiltration rate (I) using consistent units as follows:I 5KMD2 *t! (1)where:I = Infiltration rate, mm/h in./h,M = Mass of infiltrated water, kg lb,D = Inside diameter of infiltration ring, mm in.,t = time required for measured amount of water to infiltrate the surface, s, andK = 4 583
43、 666 000 in SI units or 126 870 in inch-pound units.NOTE 6The factor K has units of (mm3s)/(kgh) (in.3s)/(lbh) and is needed to convert the recorded data (W,D, and t) to the infiltration rate I in mm/hin./h.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Identification number,10.1.2 Location,
44、10.1.3 Date of test,C1781/C1781M 14310.1.4 Age, type and thickness of paving units (label Unknown if not known),10.1.5 Include a photograph of the immediate area that was tested to document the pavement pattern and layout and aphotograph of the circumscribed chalk or temporary marking to document th
45、e placement of the ring relative to the pavementpattern and layout,10.1.6 Time elapsed during prewetting, s,10.1.7 Amount of rain during last event, if known, mm in.,10.1.8 Weight of infiltrated water, kg lb,10.1.9 Inside diameter of infiltration ring, mm in.,10.1.10 Time elapsed during infiltration
46、 test, s,10.1.11 Infiltration rate, mm/h in./h, and10.1.12 Number of tests performed at each location, if applicable.11. Precision and Bias411.1 It is not possible to specify the precision of the procedure in this test method for measuring water infiltration rate ofThefollowing precision statements
47、are based on duplicate measurements done at 74 locations on 37 different permeable unit pavementsystems that is universally correct because this test method can be applied to many different paving unit shapes with different sizedrainage joints or openings filled with different aggregate sizes, and b
48、ecause the extent of in-situ surface clogging during theirservice life is not controlled.with average infiltration rates ranging from 30 to 1600 in./h by two separate operators:11.1.1 The 95 % Confidence Limit (CL) for single-operator repeatability (r) averages 7.7 % with a median value of 5.9 %.11.
49、1.2 The 95 % CL for the multiple-operator reproducibility (R) averages 19.8% with a median value of 10.0%.11.2 Based on the average results of four measurements at each of two locations on 37 different permeable unit pavementsystems with average infiltration rates ranging from 30 to 1600 in./h, the difference between average results at the two locationsaverages 19.1 % with a median value of 12.2 %.11.3 This test method has no bias because the infiltration rate of permeable unit pavement systems
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