1、Designation: C1781/C1781M 14aStandard Test Method forSurface Infiltration Rate of Permeable Unit PavementSystems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1781/C1781M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of the fieldsurface infiltration rate of in place permeable unit pa
3、vementsystems surfaced with solid interlocking concrete paving units,concrete grid paving units, or clay paving brick.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsy
4、stem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.3 The text of this test method references notes that provideexplanatory material. These notes shall not be considered asrequirements of the test method.1.4 This standa
5、rd does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AST
6、M Standards:2C902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic PavingBrickC920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint SealantsC936 Specification for Solid Concrete Interlocking PavingUnitsC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving BrickC1319 Specification for Concrete
7、Grid Paving UnitsC1701 Test Method for Infiltration Rate of In Place PerviousConcrete2.2 Other Standards:3Federal Specification A-A-3110 (TT-P-1536A) PlumbingFixture Setting Compound3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe terms used in this test method aredefined in Terminology C1232.4. Summary of Test Met
8、hod4.1 An infiltration ring is temporarily sealed to the surfaceof a permeable unit pavement system. These pavementstypically consist of solid concrete paving units conforming toSpecification C936, concrete grid paving units conforming toSpecification C1319, or clay paving brick conforming toSpecifi
9、cation C902 or C1272. These pavements allow drainagethrough joints between the units or through voids formed bythe intersection of two or more units or intentionally manufac-tured into the units. The results of this test method for unitpavement systems can be compared to that using Test MethodC1701
10、for pervious concrete. After pre-wetting the testlocation, a given mass of water is introduced into the ring andthe time for the water to infiltrate the pavement is recorded.The infiltration rate is calculated in accordance with 9.1.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method can be used for accepta
11、nce of surfaceinfiltration of new permeable unit pavement systems.5.2 Tests performed at the same location across a span ofyears may be used to detect a reduction of infiltration rate ofthe permeable surface, thereby identifying the need for anyremedial maintenance intended to increase the infiltrat
12、ion ratesto predefined levels.5.3 The infiltration rate obtained by this method is validonly for the localized area of the pavement where the test isconducted. To determine the surface infiltration rate of theentire permeable pavement, multiple locations must be testedand the results averaged.1This
13、test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.04 on Research.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 2013. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as C1781/C178
14、1M 14.DOI: 10.1520/C1781_C1781M14A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Standardiz
15、ation Documents Order Desk, DODSSP, Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United
16、States15.4 The minimum acceptable infiltration rate is typicallyestablished by the design engineer of record or the municipalityand can be a function of the design precipitation event.6. Apparatus6.1 Infiltration RingA cylindrical ring, open at both ends(See Fig. 1). The ring shall be watertight, su
17、fficiently rigid toretain its form when filled with water, and shall have a diameterof 300 6 10 mm 12.0 6 0.5 in. with a minimum height of 50mm 2.0 in. The bottom edge of the ring shall be even. Theinner surface of the ring shall be marked or scored with twolines at a distance of 10 and 15 mm 0.40 a
18、nd 0.60 in. from thebottom of the ring. Measure and record the inner diameter ofthe ring to the nearest 1 mm 0.05 in.NOTE 1Ring materials that have been found to be suitable includesteel, aluminum, rigid plastic, and PVC.6.2 BalanceA balance or scale accurate to 10 g 0.02 lb.6.3 ContainerA cylindric
19、al container typically made ofplastic having a volume of at least 20 L 5 gal, and from whichwater may be easily poured at a controlled rate into theinfiltration ring.6.4 Stop WatchAccurate to 0.1 s.6.5 Plumbers Putty (Non-Hardening)Meeting Specifica-tion C920 or Federal Specification A-A-3110.6.6 Wa
20、terPotable water.7. Test Locations7.1 Perform tests at multiple locations at a site as requestedby the purchaser of testing services. Unless otherwisespecified, use the following to determine the number of tests toperform:7.1.1 Three test locations for areas up to 2500 m225 000ft2.7.1.2 Add one test
21、 location for each additional 1000 m210000 ft2 or fraction thereof.7.2 Provide at least 1 m 3 ft clear distance between testlocations, unless at least 24 h have elapsed between tests.7.3 Do not test if there is standing water on top of thepermeable pavement. Do not test within 24 h of the lastprecip
22、itation.8. Procedure8.1 Infiltration Ring InstallationClean the pavement sur-face by only sweeping off trash, debris, and other non-seatedmaterial.8.2 Take a photograph of the immediate area to be tested todocument the pavement pattern and layout. Move the ring overthe surface of the pavement until
23、the pattern, drainage jointsand drainage voids framed within the infiltration ring arerepresentative of the entire paving pattern, drainage joints anddrainage voids across the pavement surface. Set the ring on thepavement surface and mark its location by circumscribing itwith chalk or other temporar
24、y marking. Take a photograph ofthe circumscribed chalk or temporary marking to document theplacement of the ring relative to the pavement pattern andlayout (see Note 2).NOTE 2The procedure in 8.2 for selecting and documenting theplacement of the infiltration ring on a representative area of the pave
25、mentis sufficient in most cases for determining the infiltration rate of thepavement. The drainage area within the infiltration ring is typically within620 % of the average drainage area of the pavement as a whole. Thisaccuracy is adequate for most situations. If a more accurate quantificationof the
26、 infiltration rate is needed, the procedure detailed in Appendix X1can be used to normalize the drainage area within the infiltration ring tothe average drainage area of the pavement as a whole.8.3 For solid interlocking concrete paving units and claybrick paving, remove aggregate to a depth of no g
27、reater than 10mm 0.5 in. in any joint or drainage void that will be directlybelow the test ring and fill these areas with plumbers putty sothat a positive seal can be made to the test ring once it is placedon the surface. Take care not to extend the plumbers putty morethan 10 mm 0.5 in. inside the p
28、erimeter of the chalk line orother temporary marking. For concrete grid paving units,center as much of the ring as possible on the webs. For ringlocations over openings, remove any vegetation, if present,directly below the test ring to a depth of no greater than 10 mm0.5 in and apply plumbers putty
29、to the surface of the soil, orto the aggregate, if present, so that a positive seal can be madeto the test ring once it is placed on the surface. Take care notto extend the plumbers putty more than 10 mm 0.5 in. insidethe perimeter of the chalk line or other temporary marking.8.4 Apply plumbers putt
30、y around the bottom edge of thering and place the ring onto the surface being tested. Press theputty into the surface and around the bottom edge of the ringto create a watertight seal making sure that the putty does notextend more than 10 mm 0.5 in inside the perimeter of thering. Place additional p
31、utty as needed to ensure a watertightseal.NOTE 3In a hot environment or when the surface temperature is over38C 100F plumbers putty may not adhere to the surface of thepavement easily. Therefore it is advisable to perform this test during acooler temperature.8.5 PrewettingPour water into the ring at
32、 a rate sufficientto maintain a head between the two marked lines. Take care topour the water such that it falls directly on the surface of apaving unit and not onto the joints. This minimizes displace-ment of jointing aggregate and any accumulated sediment inthe joints during the test (see Note 4).
33、 Use a total of 3.60 60.05 kg 8.0 6 0.1 lb of water. Begin timing as soon as thewater impacts the permeable pavement surface. Stop timingwhen free water is no longer present on the surface. Record theamount of elapsed time to the nearest 0.1 second.NOTE 4It is recommended that the pour height be lim
34、ited to aFIG. 1 Dimensions of Infiltration RingC1781/C1781M 14a2maximum of 150 mm 6.0 in. above the surface of the paving units tominimize disruption.8.6 TestThe test shall be started within 2 min after thecompletion of the prewetting. If the elapsed time in theprewetting stage is less than 30 s, th
35、en use a total of 18.00 60.05 kg 40.00 6 0.1 lb of water. If the elapsed time in theprewetting stage is greater than or equal to 30 s, then use a totalof 3.60 6 0.05 kg 8.0 6 0.1 lb of water. Record the weightof water to the nearest 10 g 0.02 lb. Pour the water onto thering at a rate sufficient to m
36、aintain a head between the twomarked lines and until the measured amount of water has beenused. Take care to pour the water such that it falls directly onthe surface of a paving unit and not onto the joints. Thisminimizes displacement of jointing aggregate and any accu-mulated sediment in the joints
37、 during the test (see Note 5).Begin timing as soon as the water impacts the permeablepavement surface. Stop timing when free water is no longerpresent on the surface. Record the testing duration (t)tothenearest 0.1 second.NOTE 5If a sloped pavement is being measured, maintain headbetween the two mar
38、ked lines at the lowest point of the slope.8.7 If a test is repeated at the same location, the repeat testdoes not require pre-wetting if conducted within 5 min aftercompletion of the first test. If more than one test is conductedat a location on a given day, the infiltration rate at that locationon
39、 that day shall be calculated as the average of the two tests.Do not repeat this test more than twice at the same location ona given day.8.8 When completed with testing, remove plumbers puttyfrom the joints and surface, reinstate the removed aggregatejointing materials, and sweep test area clean.9.
40、Calculation9.1 Calculate the infiltration rate (I) using consistent units asfollows:I 5 KMD2* t! (1)where:I = Infiltration rate, mm/h in./h,M = Mass of infiltrated water, kg lb,D = Inside diameter of infiltration ring, mm in.,t = time required for measured amount of water to infiltratethe surface, s
41、, andK = 4 583 666 000 in SI units or 126 870 in inch-poundunits.NOTE 6The factor K has units of (mm3s)/(kgh) (in.3s)/(lbh) and isneeded to convert the recorded data (W, D, and t) to the infiltration rate Iin mm/h in./h.10. Report10.1 Report the following information:10.1.1 Identification number,10.
42、1.2 Location,10.1.3 Date of test,10.1.4 Age, type and thickness of paving units (label Un-known if not known),10.1.5 Include a photograph of the immediate area that wastested to document the pavement pattern and layout and aphotograph of the circumscribed chalk or temporary markingto document the pl
43、acement of the ring relative to the pavementpattern and layout,10.1.6 Time elapsed during prewetting, s,10.1.7 Amount of rain during last event, if known, mm in.,10.1.8 Weight of infiltrated water, kg lb,10.1.9 Inside diameter of infiltration ring, mm in.,10.1.10 Time elapsed during infiltration tes
44、t, s,10.1.11 Infiltration rate, mm/h in./h, and10.1.12 Number of tests performed at each location, ifapplicable.11. Precision and Bias4,511.1 The following precision statements are based on dupli-cate measurements done at 74 locations on 37 differentpermeable unit pavement systems with average infil
45、trationrates ranging from 30 to 1600 in./h by two separate operators:11.1.1 The 95 % Confidence Limit (CL) for single-operatorrepeatability (r) averages 7.7 % with a median value of 5.9 %.11.1.2 The 95 % CL for the multiple-operator reproducibil-ity (R) averages 19.8% with a median value of 10.0%.11
46、.2 Based on the average results of four measurements ateach of two locations on 37 different permeable unit pavementsystems with average infiltration rates ranging from 30 to 1600in./h, the difference between average results at the two loca-tions averages 19.1 % with a median value of 12.2 %.11.3 Th
47、is test method has no bias because the infiltrationrate of permeable unit pavement systems is defined only interms of this test method.12. Keywords12.1 clay paving units; concrete grid paving units; concretepaving units; infiltration; permeable; unit pavement systems;water4Supporting data have been
48、filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C15-1000. ContactASTM CustomerService at serviceastm.org.5Further discussion on developing the Precision and Bias Statements can befound in: Walloch, Craig, Brown, Heather J., and Smith, David R., “Developme
49、ntof a New Test Method for Determining the Surface Infiltration Rate of PermeableUnit Pavement Systems,” Symposium on Masonry 2014, ASTM STP 1577, ASTM,2014.C1781/C1781M 14a3APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. PROCEDURE FOR NORMALIZATION OF DRAINAGE AREA WITHIN THE INFILTRATION RING TO THE AVERAGEDRAINAGE AREA OF THE PAVEMENT AS A WHOLEX1.1 ScopeX1.1.1 The procedure in 8.2 for selecting and documentingthe placement of the infiltration ring on a representative area ofthe pavement is sufficient in
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