1、Designation: C1814/C1814M 16Standard Test Method forMeasurement of Hydraulic Characteristics of StormwaterFiltration Elements1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1814/C1814M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption or, in the case of r
2、evision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test standard shall be used to determine thehydraulic characteristics of stormwater filtrati
3、on elements.1.2 Elements tested shall be of a size commonlymanufactured, not a scale model.1.3 The position and orientation of all filter elements duringtesting shall be identical to the position and orientation usedduring normal operation.1.4 The direction of flow during testing shall be identical
4、tothe direction of flow during normal operation.1.5 As each stormwater treatment device is unique in designand hydraulic capacity, a sufficient number of accuratelymeasured data points are needed to properly define the hydrau-lic characteristics of each test element. Therefore, it is impera-tive tha
5、t the element setup and subsequent testing methodolo-gies be well defined and executed to assure accurate flow andelevation data.1.6 This test determines the hydraulic capacity of stormwa-ter filtration systems. Test results are not an indicator of thefiltration performance with respect to the captu
6、re of solids orother materials.1.7 UnitsThe values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Thevalues stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two syste
7、ms may result in noncon-formance with the standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of
8、regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D3858 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurementof Water by Velocity-Area MethodD4409 Test Method for Velocity Measurements of Water inOpen Channels with Rotating Element Current MetersD5089 Test Method for Velocity Me
9、asurements of Water inOpen Channels with Electromagnetic Current MetersD5242 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurementof Water with Thin-Plate WeirsD5389 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurementby Acoustic Velocity Meter SystemsD5413 Test Methods for Measurement of Water Levels inOpen-Water
10、 BodiesD5460 Test Method for Rubber Compounding MaterialsWater in Rubber Additives2.2 ASME Standard:MFC-3M Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes UsingOrifice, Nozzle, and Venturi33. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 elementthe smallest filter unit that is commerciallya
11、vailable or a combination thereof, or a full commerciallyavailable filter system comprised of one or more internal filterunits.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes procedures and equipmentrequired to measure the hydraulic characteristics of filtrationelements (as defined in 3.1).4
12、.2 Other standards that may be useful to reference include:Test Methods D3858, D4409, D5089, D5242, D5389, D5413,Guide D5460, and ASME MFC-3M (see Section 2).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C27 on PrecastConcrete Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
13、 C27.70 onPrecast Concrete Products for Stormwater Management.Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published April 2016. DOI: 10.1520/C1814_C1814M-162For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMSta
14、ndards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASMEInternational Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http:/www.asme.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
15、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Significance and Use5.1 Each element has unique flow patterns and each elementhas unique hydraulic characteristics (that is, flow and headloss). In addition, each element may exhibit variable hydrauliccapacity as the element filters bec
16、ome occluded, the filtermedia swells or shrinks, and water viscosity (that is, watertemperature) changes. In some cases filters experience hyster-esis with respect to filling and emptying. The testing procedurein Section 7 will help develop the parameters necessary todetermine the hydraulic capacity
17、 of an element at one instancein time. The test can be repeated at desired time increments todetermine how the hydraulic capacity varies over time.6. Apparatus6.1 The test element shall be set up in the same configura-tion as a commercially available element. Pipe type, diameter,and orientation shal
18、l be configured such that they representapproach angles and velocities found in the field.4The selec-tion of the approach or inlet velocity shall be such that theresulting flow capacity is the lowest for the range of possiblevelocities. The inlet and outlet pipe elevations also need to behydraulical
19、ly representative of that found in the field.6.2 All components of the experimental setup shall beinspected immediately before all testing to confirm that nodamage or obstruction is present and that there are no sedi-ments or other deleterious materials therein. Leakage from thesystem piping or from
20、 the element shall not exceed 0.5 % ofthe measured flow rate.7. Test Parameters and Methodologies7.1 Several parameters shall be measured, recorded, andreported for use in establishing hydraulic capacity: the type andgradation of filter media, flow rate and direction through thefilter, the surface a
21、rea of the filter in a plane perpendicular tothe flow, surface loading rate (flow per area), piezometric headupstream and downstream of the filter, the length of the filter inthe direction of flow, and water temperature. When a testelement consists of more than one filter units, the filter surfacear
22、ea and length of filter in the direction of flow shall bereported for both the individual filter units and for the elementas a whole.7.1.1 Flow Rate MeasurementThe methodology for flowmeasurement includes the gravimetric method and open-channel and closed-conduit (full-pipe) flow meters. Suitablemet
23、hods include, but are not restricted to, velocity area sensors,appropriate weirs and flumes, and pressure drop measurementmethods using orifices, nozzles, or Venturi tubes.7.1.2 Piezometric HeadPiezometric head shall be re-corded for each flow rate The head measurement is taken fromthe static water
24、surface elevation on the upstream side of thefilter element, and at the invert of the discharge side of the filterelement or appropriate piezometic head measurement at theoutlet. Data collected shall record the depth of the upstreamwater surface elevation (WSE) relative to the dimensions of thefilte
25、r such that it is clear when the filter element is partiallyexposed, submerged, and surcharged. The outlet measurementlocations shall remain fixed for all flow conditions and serve asan elevation datum for all the various changes in the upstreamWSE.7.1.3 Filter LengthThe length of the filter in the
26、directionof flow shall be measured and reported. Filter lengths asprovided by the device manufacturer are acceptable as long asthey are validated prior to testing.7.1.4 Filter Surface AreaThe filter surface area in a planeperpendicular to the direction of flow at the point of firstcontact with the f
27、ilter media shall be measured to the nearest2 %. Surface areas of common geometric shapes (for example,rectangles, squares, circles, ovals, etc.) may be determinedfrom measuring characteristic lengths (for example, length ofsides, diameters, etc.) and calculating, by geometry, the corre-sponding sur
28、face area. When the filter area varies in thedirection of flow, the reported filter area shall be that of theoutermost media/water interface.7.1.5 TemperatureTests shall be run at a water tempera-ture of 17 to 27C 62-80F.5At a minimum, water tempera-tures shall be recorded three times: at the beginn
29、ing, themiddle, and the end of each test. The average temperature shallbe used in data reduction and reporting.8. Filter Conditioning8.1 Initial runs may exhibit different filter properties6ascompared to subsequent runs. Thus, in order to more accuratelyrepresent filter characteristics, all filters
30、must be conditionedprior to testing. Conditioning seeks to have these changesoccur before testing begins. Actual conditioning proceduresshall be reported.8.2 Water levels upstream and downstream of the filterelement shall be established such that the filter is completelysubmerged and the flow rate a
31、chieved is at least 90 % of themaximum flow rate to be tested. The flow rate shall bemaintained at this level for at least two hours with flow ratemeasurements being made every 10 minutes at a minimum.After a minimum of two hours of continuous flow, the flow intothe filter element shall be stopped a
32、nd the filter allowed to drainto its natural static level. The filter element shall rest in thisstate with no additional inflow for 24 to 48 hours before testingbegins.9. Procedure9.1 All associated instrumentation shall be calibrated ac-cording to the manufacturers specifications and verified befor
33、etesting. Flow conditions shall be stabilized prior to commence-ment of testing. Flow conditions shall be considered stabilizedwhen the upstream and downstream piezometric heads remain4If the test cannot be run using the specified set up an alternative test set up maybe used. In this case documentat
34、ion shall be provided that states why the specifiedset up could not be used. The documentation shall also list all the ways that the testset up varies from the specified set up.5The effect of temperature on viscosity is well known and can be significant overthe given temperature range. Viscosity var
35、iations can potentially impact hydrauliccharacteristics.6Filter properties may vary due to media compaction, the washing out of mediafines, and media ripening, among others.C1814/C1814M 162constant for at least five consecutive minutes. Piezometricheads shall be considered constant if they do not va
36、ry by morethan18 inch.79.2 Manual MeasurementsManual measurements of flowrate and of water pressure (piezometer water surfaceelevation), if used, shall be collected in accordance with 7.1and as follows:9.2.1 Flow Rate MeasurementWhen measuring the flowrate through an element, the flow rate entering
37、the elementshall be measured when the system is at steady-state. Steady-state is achieved when the upstream and downstream piezo-metric heads have stabilized as described in 9.2.2 and whenfour or more evenly spaced flow rate values have a coefficientof variation less than or equal to 0.03. All measu
38、red flow ratesshall be within a window of 65 % of the targeted flow rate andthe coefficient of variation for these measured flow rates shallbe less than or equal to 0.03.9.2.1.1 For manual flow rate measurements, each flow ratedata point shall consist of the average of three sets ofmeasurements. Eac
39、h set of measurements shall be taken at aninterval of 5 minutes 6 30 s from the previous set. Each set ofmeasurements shall consist of three discrete measurementstaken in rapid succession with a maximum total measurementtime of 60 s. The average of the nine discrete measurementscollected in the thre
40、e sets shall be recorded as the value for thatdata point.9.2.1.2 If the readings are outside the acceptable tolerance,the flow shall be stabilized and the test repeated after thecompleted stabilization period.9.2.1.3 After the flow rate has been determined, the piezo-metric heads upstream and downst
41、ream of the element shall bedetermined as in 9.2.2.9.2.1.4 Flow rate measurements shall be taken at a mini-mum of ten approximately equal flow rate increments over thetargeted flow rate range (for example, for a flow rate range of25 to 250 gpm: 25, 50, 75225, 250 gpm).9.2.2 Piezometric head measurem
42、ents shall be recordedupstream and downstream of the element as described in 7.1.2using static water surface elevations or piezometric taps. Theupstream and downstream piezometric head shall be consid-ered stable when four or more evenly spaced measurements atthe respective location have a coefficie
43、nt of variation less thanor equal to 0.03. Once the upstream and downstream piezo-metric heads have stabilized, the piezometric head at eachlocation shall be determined from the average of three sets ofmeasurements. Each set of measurements shall be taken at aninterval of 1 minute 6 30 s from the pr
44、evious set.9.2.2.1 Each piezometric head data point shall consist of theaverage of three sets of measurements. Each set of measure-ments shall be taken at an interval of 1 minute 6 30 s from theprevious set. Each set of measurements shall consist of threediscrete measurements taken in rapid successi
45、on with a maxi-mum total measurement time of 30 s. The average of the ninediscrete measurements collected in the three sets shall berecorded as the value for that data point.9.2.2.2 For each flow rate, the head loss across the elementshall be determined as the difference in upstream and down-stream
46、piezometric head.9.2.2.3 After the piezometric heads have been determined,the flow rate shall be adjusted and the process described in9.2.1 and 9.2.2 shall be repeated, as necessary.9.2.3 The water temperature shall be recorded at thebeginning, middle, and end of the test run.9.3 Computerized Measur
47、ementsData recording using acomputerized data acquisition (DA) system is preferred overmanual measurements so that data are continuously recordedthroughout the test, and the data have increased accuracy whencoupled with calibrated flow meters and pressure transducers.At a minimum, flow and elevation
48、 measurements shall beaveraged and recorded every 30 s throughout the duration oftest. If the readings are outside the acceptable tolerance, theflow shall be stabilized and the test repeated after the com-pleted stabilization period.10. Report10.1 A scaled diagram including a detailed description of
49、the operation of the filter system and the flow meter type andlocation shall be included with the reported results. Thedescription of the system shall include pipe diameters, lengths,types, and materials, as well as the actual test conditions: date,place, time, personnel, room conditions, etc. so that a completedescription of the test conditions is presented.10.2 The report shall provide a description of the media,with respect to opening size, media gradation and/or otherproperties which influence hydraulic conductivity as well asany filter conditioning requirements
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