1、Designation: C1859 17Standard Practice forDetermination of Thermal Resistance of Loose-Fill BuildingInsulation in Side Wall Applications1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1859; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case
2、of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice presents a laboratory guide to determinethe thermal resistance of loose-fill bu
3、ilding insulations installedin side walls behind netting at mean temperatures between 10and 35C (14 to 95F).1.2 This practice applies to a wide variety of loose-fillthermal insulation products including fibrous glass, rock/slagwool, or cellulosic fiber materials and any other insulationmaterial that
4、 can be installed pneumatically. It does not applyto products that change their character after installation eitherby chemical reaction or the application of binders, adhesives orother materials that are not used in the sample preparationdescribed in this practice, nor does it consider the effects o
5、fstructures, containments, facings, or air films.1.3 Since this practice is designed for reproducible productcomparison, it measures the thermal resistance of an insulationmaterial which has been preconditioned to a relatively drystate. Consideration of changes of thermal performance of ahygroscopic
6、 insulation by sorption of water is beyond thescope of this practice.1.4 The sample preparation techniques outlined in thispractice do not cover the characterization of loose-fill materialsintended for open applications.1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values
7、given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regula
8、tory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Org
9、anization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC177 Test Method for Steady-State Heat Flux Measure-ments and Thermal Transmission Properties by Means ofthe Guarded-Hot-Plate ApparatusC518 Test Method for
10、Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter ApparatusC1045 Practice for Calculating Thermal Transmission Prop-erties Under Steady-State ConditionsC1114 Test Method for Steady-State Thermal TransmissionProperties by Means of the Thin-Heater ApparatusC1363 Test Method f
11、or Thermal Performance of BuildingMaterials and Envelope Assemblies by Means of a HotBox Apparatus3. Terminology3.1 Unless otherwise stated, the terms and definitions foundin Terminology C168 are applicable herein.4. Significance and Use4.1 The thermal resistance, R, of an insulation is used todescr
12、ibe its thermal performance.4.2 The thermal resistance of an insulation is related to thedensity and thickness of the insulation. It is desirable to obtaintest data on thermal resistances at thicknesses and densitiesrelated to the end uses of the product.4.3 In normal use, the thickness of these pro
13、ducts rangefrom less than 100 mm (4 in.) to greater than 150 mm (6 in.).Installed densities depend upon the product type, the installedthickness, the installation equipment used, the installationtechniques, and the geometry of the insulated space.4.4 Loose-fill insulations provide coverage informati
14、on us-ing densities selected by manufacturers to represent the product1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16 on ThermalInsulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.30 on ThermalMeasurement.Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published May 2017. DOI: 10.15
15、20/C1859-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Dri
16、ve, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations is
17、sued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1installed densities. Generally, it is necessary to know theproduct thermal performance at a representative density.4.5 When applicable specifications or codes do not specifythe nominal thermal resistance level to be us
18、ed for comparisonpurposes, a recommended practice is to use the Rsi (met-ric) = 2.65 m F/Btu) label density and thickness for thatmeasurement.4.6 If the density for test purposes is not available from thecoverage chart, a test density shall be established by use ofapplicable specifications and codes
19、 or, if none apply, agreementbetween the requesting body and the testing organization.4.7 Generally, thin sections of these materials are notuniform. Thus, the test thickness must be greater than or equalto the products representative thickness if the results are to beconsistent and typical of use.N
20、OTE 1The representative thickness is specific for each product andis determined by running a series of tests in which the density is heldconstant but the thickness is increased. The representative thickness isdefined here as that thickness above which there is no more than a 2 %change in the resisti
21、vity of the product. The representative thickness is afunction of product blown density. In general, as the density decreases, therepresentative thickness increases. Fortunately, most products are de-signed to be blown over a small range of densities. This limited rangeyields a range of representati
22、ve thicknesses between 75 to 150 mm (3 to6 in.) for most products. To simplify the process for this practice, therepresentative thickness for the C1859 tests is considered 87.5 mm (312in). All thermal testing on this product is conducted at a thickness that isgreater or equal to the representative t
23、hickness.4.7.1 For this practice, the minimum test thickness shall be87.5 mm (312 in.). If the test is to represent an installation ata lesser thickness, the installed thickness shall be used.4.8 For purposes of this practice, it is acceptable to estimatethe thermal resistance at any thickness from
24、the thermalresistivity obtained from tests on the product at the minimumtest thickness (see 4.7.1) and at the density expected for theproposed thickness.4.9 In principle, any of the standard methods for thedetermination of thermal resistance are suitable for loose-fillproducts. These include Test Me
25、thods C177, C518, C1114, andC1363. Of these test methods, the heat flow meter apparatus,Test Method C518, is preferred because of its lower cost andshorter testing time.4.10 The thermal resistance of low-density insulations de-pend upon the direction of heat flow. Unless otherwisespecified, tests sh
26、all be performed for the maximum heat flowcondition, that is, a horizontal specimen with heat flow-up.4.11 Specimens shall be prepared in a manner consistentwith the intended installation procedure. Products for pneu-matic installation behind netting shall be pneumatically applied(blown) using the m
27、anufacturers installation instructions andnetting specified.5. Apparatus5.1 Thermal test apparatus used for this practice shall meetthese requirements.5.1.1 Conformance to StandardsThe apparatus shall con-form to all requirements of the ASTM thermal test methodused.5.1.2 Size and ErrorThe apparatus
28、shall be capable oftesting specimens up to at least 150-mm (6-in.) thickness withan estimated error not greater than 1 % attributed to thickness/guard dimensions. (Parametric studies using a mathematicalmodel of the proposed apparatus will give insight to thisevaluation. For example, see Table 1 in
29、the 1976 edition of TestMethod C518.3NOTE 2Thermal test apparatus in use for this practice shall haveoverall plate dimensions of 457 to 1220 mm (18 to 48 in.) square withmetering areas 152 to 457 mm (6 to 18 in.) square. Other sizes areacceptable if proper consideration of the size-thickness restric
30、tions asoutlined in the test method are observed in their design. (See PracticeC1045 for additional discussion.)5.1.3 TemperatureAs a minimum, the apparatus shall becapable of testing at a mean temperature of 23.9C (75F) witha temperature difference of 20 to 28C (36 to 50F). Theequipment shall be ca
31、librated at the same temperatures as thetest conditions. Some existing test apparatus have been de-signed to provide measurements over a range of mean tem-peratures from 20 to 55C (4 to 131F) and for a wider rangeof temperature differences.5.1.4 HumidityThe absolute humidity within the test ap-parat
32、us shall be maintained low enough to prevent condensa-tion within the specimen or on the cold plate(s). A maximum9C (48F) dew point is consistent with the recommendedmaterial conditioning levels.5.1.5 Orientation and Direction of Heat FlowThe thermaltest apparatus shall be capable of testing horizon
33、tal specimenswith heat flow-up. This orientation represents the most adverseheat flow condition for testing between two solid boundaries.5.1.6 Thermal Test Specimen FrameThe test frame shallbe sized to match the test apparatus and shall be made ofmaterials having low thermal conductivity (0.12 W/m K
34、) andminimum thickness. A thin, thermally insignificant, screen ormembrane is stretched across the bottom to support thematerial. To simulate the actual installation process, a frameholder, test frames (top and bottom half), and a cover assemblyare recommended. The frame holder, test frames and cove
35、rassembly shall have fixed rigid sides (see Figs. 1-5).5.2 Specimen Preparation Equipment:5.2.1 Blowing MachineA blowing apparatus is requiredwhen pneumatically applied specimens are to be tested.Choose the combination of hopper, blower, and hose size andlength that is representative of common use f
36、or the applicationof the material to be tested. The following machine specifica-tions have been developed for use with mineral wool andcellulosic materials.5.2.1.1 Mineral Fiber Insulations:(1) Blowing MachineA commercial blowing machinewith a design capacity for delivering the subject material at a
37、rate between 4 and 15 kg (9 to 33 lb)/min.(2) Blowing HoseThe machine shall utilize 46 m (150 ft)of typical 75 to 100 mm (3 to 4 in.) diameter flexible, internallycorrugated blowing hose. At least 30 m (100 ft) of the hose3See Table 1, “Maximum Spacing Between Warm and Cold Plates of HeatFlowmeter A
38、pparatus,” of Test Method C518 76 published in 1985 Annual Bookof ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.C1859 172shall be elevated between 3 and 6 m (10 and 20 ft) above theexit of the blowing machine to simulate a typical installationconfiguration. The hose shall have no more than eight 90bends and all bends s
39、hall be greater than 1.2-m (4-ft) radius.Before each sample preparation session, examine the hose formaterial remaining from previous blows. Dislodge any remain-ing material by mechanically agitating the hose when themachine is running. Repeat as necessary to maintain a cleanhose for each specimen.(
40、3) Insertion DeviceThe machine shall use a transitioncoupler to reduce the hose diameter down to 50 to 64 mm (2 to2.5 in.), with a recommended minimum length of 6 m (20 ft).NOTE 3In case of dispute, for mineral fiber insulations a 75 mm (3 in.)hose shall be used to prepare the specimens.5.2.1.2 Cell
41、ulosic Insulations: Blowing MachineUsecommercial blowing equipment designed for cellulosicmaterial, that is, hopper, blower, and 30 m (100 ft) of typical 50to 75 mm (2 to 3 in.) diameter hose.NOTE 4In case of dispute, for cellulosic insulations a 51 mm (2 in.)hose shall be used to prepare the specim
42、ens.5.2.2 Test Area Specimen CutterA means for isolating thematerial within the metering area is required for the densitydetermination. The isolated region shall have an area and shapeidentical to the metering area. Fig. 6 provides an example of adie cutter used for this purpose. The use of a compre
43、ssion plateto compress an area larger than the metering area, prior tometering area material removal is recommended. The compres-sion plate shall extend at least 75 mm (3 in.) beyond themetering area boundary.5.2.3 Weighing DevicesA device is required to weigh thetest area material after the thermal
44、 test is complete. This deviceshall determine the test area weight to within 0.5 %. A seconddevice is required during sample preparation and conditioningto determine the sample plus frame weight. This device shalldetermine the combined weight to within 0.5 %.5.2.4 Conditioning RoomAn enclosure held
45、at near con-stant temperature and humidity is required to stabilize thematerials or products prior to testing. The conditions aregenerally given in product specifications or in other appropriatedocuments. In the absence of specific directions, conditioningshall be carried out in an atmosphere of 23
46、6 2C (75 6 4F)and a relative humidity not greater than 45 % (see 5.1.4).5.2.5 Specimen Support SheetA stiff cardboard or equiva-lent sheet to be used to support the specimen duringpreparation, conditioning, and transport.5.2.6 Specimen Preparation RoomA semi-enclosed areawhere the test material is b
47、lown into the specimen frame isrequired. This enclosure protects the blowing operation fromwind or strong air currents. The room size shall not influenceFIG. 1 Recommended Frame Holder (an Example)C1859 173the blowing stream from the hose. Minimum room dimensionsof 3 by 3 by 2.5 m (10 by 10 by 8 ft)
48、 are generally adequate forthis purpose. Experience has shown that, to obtain uniformspecimens, it is necessary to blow an area greater than theFIG. 2 Recommended Top and Bottom Test Frame (an Example)C1859 174dimensions of the specimen frame. The recommended area tobe covered is at least 2.5 times
49、the minimum test framedimension.6. Sampling6.1 Sampling plans given in the material specifications,regulations, or other appropriate documents shall be followedwhen applicable. In the absence of such directions, materialfrom at least two randomly chosen packages shall be combinedin equal portions (weight) and placed in the blowing machineso as to combine materials as uniformly as practicable.Alternatively, multiple tests are performed where each speci-men is made from a single package.6.2 The insulation material shall be preconditioned at
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