1、Designation: C204 16C204 17 American Association StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T 153Standard Test Methods forFineness of Hydraulic Cement by Air-PermeabilityApparatus1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C204; the number immediately following the design
2、ation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers determi
3、nation of the fineness of hydraulic cement, using the Blaine air-permeability apparatus, interms of the specific surface expressed as total surface area in square centimetres per gram, or square metres per kilogram, ofcement. Two test methods are given: Test Method A is the Reference Test Method usi
4、ng the manually operated standard Blaineapparatus, while Test Method B permits the use of automated apparatus that has in accordance with the qualification requirementsof this test method demonstrated acceptable performance. Although the test method may be, and has been, used for thedetermination of
5、 the measures of fineness of various other materials, it should be understood that, in general, relative rather thanabsolute fineness values are obtained.1.1.1 This test method is known to work well for portland cements. However, the user should exercise judgement in determiningits suitability with
6、regard to fineness measurements of cements with densities, or porosities that differ from those assigned toStandard Reference Material No. 114.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3 WarningMercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substa
7、nce that can cause seriousmedical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution shouldbe taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) foradditional information. Use
8、rs should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or countrymay be prohibited by law.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish a
9、ppropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles
10、 for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A582/A582M Specification for Free-Machining Stainless Steel BarsC125 Terminology Relating to Concre
11、te and Concrete AggregatesC219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic CementC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsE832 Specification for Laboratory Filter Papers2.2 Other Document:No. 114 National Institute of Standards and Technology Standar
12、d Reference Material31 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.25 on Fineness.Current edition approved March 1, 2016Dec. 1, 2017. Published March 2016December 2017. Originally approved in 1946. Last previous edit
13、ion approved in 20112016as C204 1116.1. DOI: 10.1520/C0204-16.10.1520/C0204-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on
14、 the ASTM website.3 Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have b
15、een made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official docume
16、nt.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1BS 4359: 1971 British Standard Method for the Determination of Specific Surface of Powders: Part 2: Air PermeabilityMe
17、thods4TEST METHOD A: REFERENCE METHOD3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology C125 and C219.4. Apparatus4.1 Nature of ApparatusThe Blaine air-permeability apparatus consists essentially of a means of drawing a definite quantityof air
18、 through a prepared bed of cement of definite porosity. The number and size of the pores in a prepared bed of definite porosityis a function of the size of the particles and determines the rate of airflow through the bed. The apparatus, illustrated in Fig. 1, shallconsist specifically of the parts d
19、escribed in 3.24.2 3.84.8.4 Available from British Standards Institute (BSI), 389 Chiswick High Rd., London W4 4AL, U.K., http:/www.bsi-.FIG. 1 Blaine Air-Permeability ApparatusC204 1724.2 Permeability CellThe permeability cell shall consist of a rigid cylinder 12.70 6 0.10 mm in inside diameter, co
20、nstructedof austenitic stainless steel. The interior of the cell shall have a finish of 0.81 m (32 in.). The top of the cell shall be at rightangles to the principal axis of the cell. The lower portion of the cell must be able to form an airtight fit with the upper end of themanometer, so that there
21、 is no air leakage between the contacting surfaces. A ledge 12 to 1 mm in width shall be an integral partof the cell or be firmly fixed in the cell 55 6 10 mm from the top of the cell for support of the perforated metal disk. The top ofthe permeability cell shall be fitted with a protruding collar t
22、o facilitate the removal of the cell from the manometer.NOTE 1Specification A582/A582M Type 303 stainless steel (UNS designation S30300) has been found to be suitable for the construction of thepermeability cell and the plunger.4.3 DiskThe disk shall be constructed of noncorroding metal and shall be
23、 0.9 6 0.1 mm in thickness, perforated with 30 to40 holes 1 mm in diameter equally distributed over its area. The disk shall fit the inside of the cell snugly. The center portion ofone side of the disk shall be marked or inscribed in a legible manner so as to permit the operator always to place that
24、 sidedownwards when inserting it into the cell. The marking or inscription shall not extend into any of the holes, nor touch theirperipheries, nor extend into that area of the disk that rests on the cell ledge.4.4 PlungerThe plunger shall be constructed of austenitic stainless steel and shall fit in
25、to the cell with a clearance of not morethan 0.1 mm. The bottom of the plunger shall sharply meet the lateral surfaces and shall be at right angles to the principal axis.An air vent shall be provided by means of a flat 3.0 6 0.3 mm wide on one side of the plunger. The top of the plunger shall beprov
26、ided with a collar such that when the plunger is placed in the cell and the collar brought in contact with the top of the cell,the distance between the bottom of the plunger and the top of the perforated disk shall be 15 6 1 mm.4.5 Filter PaperThe filter paper shall be medium retentive, correspondin
27、g to Type 1, Grade B, in accordance withSpecification E832. The filter paper disks shall be circular, with smooth edges, and shall have the same diameter (Note 2) as theinside of the cell.NOTE 2Filter paper disks that are too small may leave part of the sample adhering to the inner wall of the cell
28、above the top disk. When too largein diameter, the disks have a tendency to buckle and cause erratic results.4.6 ManometerThe U-tube manometer shall be constructed according to the design indicated in Fig. 1, using nominal 9-mmoutside diameter, standard-wall, glass tubing. The top of one arm of the
29、manometer shall form an airtight connection with thepermeability cell. The manometer arm connected to the permeability cell shall have a midpoint line etched around the tube at 125to 145 mm below the top side outlet and also others at distances of 15 6 1 mm, 70 6 1 mm, and 110 6 1 mm above that line
30、.A side outlet shall be provided at 250 to 305 mm above the bottom of the manometer for use in the evacuation of the manometerarm connected to the permeability cell. A positive airtight valve or clamp shall be provided on the side outlet not more than 50mm from the manometer arm. The manometer shall
31、 be mounted firmly and in such a manner that the arms are vertical.4.7 Manometer LiquidThe manometer shall be filled to the midpoint line with a nonvolatile, nonhygroscopic liquid of lowviscosity and density, such as dibutyl phthalate (dibutyl 1,2-benzene-dicarboxylate) or a light grade of mineral o
32、il. The fluid shallbe free of debris.4.8 TimerThe timer shall have a positive starting and stopping mechanism and shall be capable of being read to the nearest0.5 s or less. The timer shall be accurate to 0.5 s or less for time intervals up to 60 s, and to 1 % or less for time intervals of 60to 300
33、s.5. Calibration of Apparatus5.1 SampleThe calibration of the air permeability apparatus shall be made using the current lot of NIST Standard ReferenceMaterial No. 114. The sample shall be at room temperature when tested.5.2 Bulk Volume of Compacted Bed of PowderDetermine the bulk volume of the comp
34、acted bed of powder by physicalmeasurement or by the mercury displacement method as follows:5.2.1 Bulk Volume Determination by Physical MeasurementPlace two filter papers in the permeability cell. Use a rod slightlysmaller than the diameter of the cell to press down the edges of the filter paper fla
35、t on the perforated disk. Determine the dimensionsof the permeability cell, in cm, using a measuring device readable to 0.001 cm. Measure the inside diameter of the permeabilitycell near the perforated disk. Measure the depth of the cell and the length of the plunger. Take three measurements of each
36、dimension and use the average value of each dimension to calculate the bulk volume as follows:V 5pir2h (1)where:V = bulk volume occupied by sample, cm3,r = diameter cell/2, cm, andh = cell depth plunger length, cm.5.2.2 Bulk Volume Determination by the Mercury Displacement MethodPlace two filter pap
37、er disks in the permeability cell,pressing down the edges, using a rod having a diameter slightly smaller than that of the cell, until the filter disks are flat on theC204 173perforated metal disk; then fill the cell with mercury, ACS reagent grade or better, removing any air bubbles adhering to the
38、 wallof the cell. Use tongs when handling the cell. If the cell is made of material that will amalgamate with mercury, the interior of thecell shall be protected by a very thin film of oil just prior to adding the mercury. Level the mercury with the top of the cell by lightlypressing a small glass p
39、late against the mercury surface until the glass is flush to the surface of the mercury and rim of the cell,being sure that no bubble or void exists between the mercury surface and the glass plate. Remove the mercury from the cell andmeasure and record the mass of the mercury. Remove one of the filt
40、er disks from the cell. Using a trial quantity of 2.80 g of cement(Note 3) compress the cement (Note 4) in accordance with 4.55.5 with one filter disk above and one below the sample. Into theunfilled space at the top of the cell, add mercury, remove entrapped air, and level off the top as before. Re
41、move the mercury fromthe cell and measure and record the mass of the mercury.5.2.3 Calculate the bulk volume occupied by the cement to the nearest 0.005 cm3 as follows:V 5WA 2WB!/D (2)where:V = bulk volume of cement, cm3,WA = grams of mercury required to fill the cell, no cement being in the cell,WB
42、 = grams of mercury required to fill the portion of the cell not occupied by the prepared bed of cement in the cell, andD = density of mercury at the temperature of test, Mg/m3 (see Table 1).where:V = bulk volume of cement, cm3,WA = grams of mercury required to fill the cell, no cement being in the
43、cell,WB = grams of mercury required to fill the portion of the cell not occupied by the prepared bed of cement in the cell, andD = density of mercury at the temperature of test, Mg/m3 (see Table 1).5.2.4 Make at least two determinations of bulk volume of cement, using separate compactions for each d
44、etermination. The bulkvolume value used for subsequent calculations shall be the average of two values agreeing within 60.005 cm3. Note thetemperature in the vicinity of the cell and record at the beginning and end of the determination.NOTE 3It is not necessary to use the standard sample for the bul
45、k volume determination.NOTE 4The prepared bed of cement shall be firm. If too loose or if the cement cannot be compressed to the desired volume, adjust the trial quantityof cement used.NOTE 3It is not necessary to use the standard sample for the bulk volume determination.NOTE 4The prepared bed of ce
46、ment shall be firm. If too loose or if the cement cannot be compressed to the desired volume, adjust the trial quantityof cement used.5.3 Preparation of SampleEnclose the contents of a vial of the standard cement sample in a jar, approximately 120 cm3 (4oz), and shake vigorously for 2 min to fluff t
47、he cement and break up lumps or agglomerates. Allow the jar to stand unopened fora further 2 min, then remove the lid and stir gently to distribute throughout the sample the fine fraction that has settled on thesurface after fluffing.5.4 Mass of SampleThe mass of the standard sample used for the cal
48、ibration test shall be that required to produce a bed ofcement having a porosity of 0.500 6 0.005, and shall be calculated as follows:W 5V12! (3)where:W = grams of sample required, = density of test sample (for portland cement a value of 3.15 Mg/m3 or 3.15 g/cm3 shall be used),V = bulk volume of bed
49、 of cement, cm3, as determined in accordance with 4.2, andTABLE 1 Density of Mercury, Viscosity of Air (), and = atGiven TemperaturesRoomTemperature, CDensity ofMercury,Mg/m 3Viscosity of Air, Pas 18 13.55 17.98 4.2420 13.55 18.08 4.2522 13.54 18.18 4.2624 13.54 18.28 4.2826 13.53 18.37 4.2928 13.53 18.47 4.3030 13.52 18.57 4.3132 13.52 18.67 4.3234 13.51 18.76 4.33C204 174V = bulk volume of bed of cement, cm3, as determined in accordance with 5.2, and = desired porosity of bed of cement (0.500 6 0.005) (Note 5).NOTE 5
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