1、Designation: C 216 07aStandard Specification forFacing Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay orShale)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last r
2、evision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers brick intended
3、for use inmasonry and supplying structural or facing components, orboth, to the structure.1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply atthe time of purchase. The use of results from testing of brickextracted from masonry structures for determining conform-ance or nonconformance to the
4、property requirements (Section6) of this specification is beyond the scope of this specification.1.3 The brick are prismatic units available in a variety ofsizes, textures, colors, and shapes. This specification is notintended to provide specifications for paving brick (see Speci-fication C 902).1.4
5、 Brick are manufactured from clay, shale, or similarnaturally occurring earthy substances and subjected to a heattreatment at elevated temperatures (firing). The heat treatmentmust develop a fired bond between the particulate constituentsto provide the strength and durability requirements of thisspe
6、cification (see firing, fired bond, and incipient fusion inTerminology C43).1.5 Brick are shaped during manufacture by molding, press-ing, or extrusion, and the shaping method is a way to describethe brick.1.6 Three types of brick in each of two grades are covered.1.7 The text of this specification
7、references notes andfootnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes andfootnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standard.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are f
8、orinformation only.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C43 Terminology of Structural Clay ProductsC67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC 902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic PavingBrickC 1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving BrickE 835/E
9、 835M Guide for Modular Coordination of Clayand Concrete Masonry Units3. Grades3.1 Grades classify brick according to their resistance todamage by freezing when saturated at a moisture content notexceeding the 24-h cold water absorption.Two grades of facingbrick are covered and the requirements are
10、given in Section 6.3.1.1 Grade SW (Severe Weathering)Brick intended foruse where high resistance to damage caused by cyclic freezingis desired.3.1.2 Grade MW (Moderate Weathering)Brick intendedfor use where moderate resistance to cyclic freezing damage ispermissible.NOTE 1Measurement of moisture con
11、tent of brick in buildingsindicates that, when the building is designed and constructed to reducewater penetration, the 24-h cold water absorption is unlikely to beexceeded.4. Types4.1 Three types of facing brick are covered:4.1.1 Type FBSBrick for general use in masonry.4.1.2 Type FBXBrick for gene
12、ral use in masonry where ahigher degree of precision and lower permissible variation insize than permitted for Type FBS is required.4.1.3 Type FBABrick for general use in masonry selectedto produce characteristic architectural effects resulting fromnonuniformity in size and texture of the individual
13、 units.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2007. Published September 2007. Originallyapproved in 1947. Last previous
14、edition approved in 2007 as C 216 07.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes s
15、ection appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 When the type is not specified, the requirements forType FBS shall govern.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for facing brick under this spe
16、cification shallinclude the following information:5.1.1 Grade (Section 3)Grade SW governs when Grade isnot specified.5.1.2 Type (Section 4)Type FBS governs whenType is notspecified.5.1.2.1 For Type FBA, specify chippage (8.4), tolerances(Section 10), or approve a designated sample.5.1.3 Color, color
17、 range, and texture (9.1) by approving asample.5.1.3.1 Finish on more than one face and one end (9.2).5.1.4 Size (10.1)Specify width by height by length.5.1.5 Sampling (12.2)Person to select samples and placeor places of selection of samples for testing.5.2 Orders for facing brick under this specifi
18、cation mayinclude the following information:5.2.1 Strength (6.2)Specify only if above minimum com-pressive strength in Table 1.5.2.2 Coring (11.1)At option of manufacturer if notspecified.5.2.3 Frogging (11.2)Frog permitted in one bearing faceif not specified.5.2.4 Costs of Tests (Note 14)Party who
19、will pay andconditions for payment of compliance testing.NOTE 2Color, color range, and texture are best specified by identify-ing a particular manufacturer and unit designation. Nominal dimensionsshould not be used to specify size.NOTE 3See sections 6.3 and 7 for optional information.6. Physical Pro
20、perties6.1 DurabilityWhen Grade is not specified, the require-ments for Grade SW shall govern.6.1.1 Physical Property RequirementsThe brick shallconform to the physical requirements for the Grade specified asprescribed in Table 1. For the compressive strength require-ments in Table 1, test the unit
21、with the compressive forceperpendicular to the bed surface of the unit, with the unit in thestretcher position.6.1.2 Absorption AlternateThe saturation coefficient re-quirement does not apply, provided the 24-h cold waterabsorption of each unit of a representative sample of five brickdoes not exceed
22、 8.0 %.6.1.3 Freezing and Thawing AlternativeThe requirementsfor 5-h boiling water absorption and saturation coefficient donot apply, provided a representative sample of five brick,meeting the strength requirements of Table 1, passes thefreezing and thawing test as described in the Rating Section of
23、the Freezing and Thawing test procedures of Test MethodsC67:6.1.3.1 Grade SW: Breakage and Weight LossRequirementNo individual unit separates or disintegratesresulting in a weight loss greater than 0.5 % of its original dryweight.NOTE 4The 50 cycle freezing and thawing test is used as analternative
24、only when the brick do not conform to either Table 1requirements for maximum water absorption and saturation coefficient, orto the requirements of the Absorption Alternate in 6.1.2.6.1.3.2 Grade SW: Cracking RequirementNo individualunit develops a crack that exceeds, in length, the units leastdimens
25、ion.6.1.4 Low Weathering Index AlternativeIf the brick areintended for use exposed to weather where the weatheringindex is less than 50 (see Fig. 1), and unless otherwisespecified, the requirements given in Table 1 for 5-h boilingwater absorption and for saturation coefficient shall not apply,but th
26、e minimum average compressive strength requirement of2500 psi (17.2 MPa) shall apply.NOTE 5The effect of weathering on brick is related to the weatheringindex, which for any locality is the product of the average annual numberof freezing cycle days and the average annual winter rainfall in inches(mi
27、llimetres), defined as follows.3A Freezing Cycle Day is any day during which the air temperaturepasses either above or below 32F (0C). The average number of freezingcycle days in a year may be taken to equal the difference between themean number of days during which the minimum temperature was 32For
28、 below, and the mean number of days during which the maximumtemperature was 32F or below.Winter Rainfall is the sum, in inches (millimetres), of the mean monthlycorrected precipitation (rainfall) occurring during the period between andincluding the normal date of the first killing frost in the fall
29、and the normaldate of the last killing frost in the spring. The winter rainfall for any periodis equal to the total precipitation less one tenth of the total fall of snow,sleet, and hail. Rainfall for a portion of a month is prorated.Fig. 1 indicates general areas of the United States which correspo
30、nd tothe weathering index categories listed. The index for geographic locationsnear the 50 line should be determined by analysis of weather bureau localclimatological summaries, with due regard to the effect of microclimaticconditions, especially altitude.The recommended correlation between grade of
31、 facing brick, weather-ing index, and exposure is found in Fig. 1. The specifier may use theserecommendations or use the grade descriptions and physical requirementsalong with use exposure and local climatological conditions to selectgrade.3Data needed to determine the weathering for any locality ma
32、y be found orestimated from tables of Local Climatological DataAnnual Summary withComparative Data available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis-tration.TABLE 1 Physical RequirementsDesignationMinimum Compressive Strengthpsi, (MPa) gross areaMaximum Water Absorptionby 5-h Boiling, %Max
33、imum SaturationCoefficientAAverage of 5brickIndividualAverageof 5 brickIndividualAverageof 5 brickIndividualGrade SW 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) 17.0 20.0 0.78 0.80Grade MW 2500 (17.2) 2200 (15.2) 22.0 25.0 0.88 0.90AThe saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in cold water
34、to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water.C 216 07a26.2 StrengthWhen brick are required having strengthsgreater than prescribed by this specification, the purchaser shallspecify the desired minimum compressive strength.6.3 Initial Rate of Absorption (IRA)Test results for IRAshall be determined i
35、n accordance with the IRA (Suction)(Laboratory Test) of Test Methods C67and shall be furnishedat the request of the specifier or purchaser. IRA is not aqualifying condition or property of units in this specification.This property is measured in order to assist in mortar selectionand material handlin
36、g in the construction process. See Note 6.NOTE 6Initial Rate of Absorption (Suction)Both laboratory andfield investigation have shown that strong and watertight joints betweenmortar and masonry units are not achieved by ordinary constructionmethods when the units as laid have excessive initial rates
37、 of absorption.Mortar that has stiffened somewhat because of excessive loss of mixingwater to a unit may not make complete and intimate contact with thesecond unit, resulting in poor adhesion, incomplete bond, and water-permeable joints of low strength. IRA of the units is determined by theoven-drie
38、d procedure described in the IRA (Suction) (Laboratory Test) ofTest Methods C67. IRAin the field depends on the moisture content of themasonry unit and is determined in accordance with the IRA (Suction)Field Test of Test Methods C67. Units having average field IRAexceeding 30 g/min30 in.2(30 g/min19
39、4 cm2) should have their IRAreduced below 30 g/min30 in.2prior to laying. They may be wettedimmediately before they are laid, but it is preferable to wet themthoroughly 3 to 24 h prior to their use so as to allow time for moisture tobecome distributed throughout the unit.NOTE 7Loose sand, such as mo
40、ld-release sand in molded brick andparting agents, used in the manufacturing process is not intended as asurface coating. Such loose sand is typically removed during the processof construction and cleaning and is not addressed in this specification.NOTE 8The cleaning procedures used on surface-coate
41、d brick canhave an effect on the appearance of the surface coating. Manufacturersshould be consulted for specific cleaning recommendations on these units.7. Efflorescence7.1 Brick are not required to be tested for efflorescence tocomply with this specification unless requested by the specifieror pur
42、chaser. When the efflorescence test is requested by thespecifier or purchaser, the brick shall be sampled at the place ofmanufacture, and tested in accordance with Test Methods C67,and a rating for efflorescence shall be “not effloresced.” If theGrade Recommendations for Face ExposuresExposureWeathe
43、ring Index (Note 5)Lessthan 5050 andgreaterIn vertical surfaces:In contact with earth SW orMWSWNot in contact with earth SW orMWSWIn other than vertical surfaces:In contact with earth SW SWNot in contact with earth SW orMWSWFIG. 1 Weathering Indices in the United StatesC 216 07a3rating for effloresc
44、ence is “effloresced,” the brick representedby the testing do not meet the efflorescence requirements ofthis specification.8. Material and Finish8.1 Colors and textures produced by application of inor-ganic coatings to the faces of the brick shall be permitted withthe consent of the purchaser, provi
45、ded that evidence is fur-nished of the durability of the coatings. Brick that are coloredby flashing or textured by sanding, where the sand does notform a continuous coating, shall not be considered as surface-colored brick for the purpose of this specification.NOTE 9When surface colored brick, othe
46、r than sanded or flashed, arespecified for exterior use, the purchaser should require that data besubmitted showing that after 50 cycles of freezing thawing there is noobservable difference in the applied finish when viewed from a distance of10 ft (3.0 m) under an illumination of not less than 50 fc
47、 (538 lx) by anobserver with normal vision.Service records of the performance of the particular coated brick inexterior locations may be accepted in place of the freezing and thawingtest, upon consent of the purchaser.8.2 The brick shall be free of defects, deficiencies, andsurface treatments, inclu
48、ding coatings, that would interferewith the proper laying of the brick or significantly impair thestrength or performance of the construction.8.3 If any post-firing coatings or surface treatments areapplied by the manufacturer, the manufacturer shall report thetype and extent of these coatings or su
49、rface treatments in allcertificates of compliance with this specification.8.4 The face or faces that will be exposed in place shall befree of chips that exceed the limits given in Table 2. Theaggregate length of chips shall not exceed 10 % of theperimeter of the face of the brick.NOTE 10Of all the units that will be exposed in place, a smallpercentage of the units may have chips that are larger in size than thosechips allowed for the majority of the units. This special allowedpercentage, listed in the second column from the left of Table 2
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