1、Designation: C216 13Standard Specification forFacing Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay orShale)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers brick intended for
3、use inmasonry and supplying structural or facing components, orboth, to the structure.1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply atthe time of purchase. The use of results from testing of brickextracted from masonry structures for determining confor-mance or nonconformance to the prop
4、erty requirements (Sec-tion 7) of this specification is beyond the scope of thisspecification.1.3 The brick are prismatic units available in a variety ofsizes, textures, colors, and shapes. This specification is notintended to provide specifications for paving brick (see Speci-fication C902).1.4 Bri
5、ck are ceramic products manufactured primarilyfrom clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring earthy sub-stances and subjected to a heat treatment at elevated tempera-tures (firing). Additives or recycled materials are permitted tobe included at the option of the manufacturer. The heattreatment mus
6、t develop a fired bond between the particulateconstituents to provide the strength and durability requirementsof this specification (see Terminology C1232).1.5 Brick are shaped during manufacture by molding,pressing, or extrusion, and the shaping method is a way todescribe the brick.1.5.1 This stand
7、ard and its individual requirements shall notbe used to qualify or corroborate the performance of a masonryunit made from other materials, or made with other formingmethods, or other means of binding the materials.1.6 Three types of brick in each of two grades are covered.1.7 The text of this specif
8、ication references notes andfootnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes andfootnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standard.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses a
9、re mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic PavingBrickC1232 Terminol
10、ogy of MasonryC1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving BrickE835/E835M Guide for Modular Coordination of Clay andConcrete Masonry Units (Withdrawn 2011)33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions relating to masonry andfacing brick, refer to Terminology C1232.4. Classification4.1 GradesGrade
11、s classify brick according to their resis-tance to damage by freezing when saturated at a moisturecontent not exceeding the 24-h cold water absorption. Twogrades of facing brick are covered and the requirements aregiven in Section 7.4.1.1 Grade SW (Severe Weathering) Brick intended foruse where high
12、 resistance to damage caused by cyclic freezingis desired.4.1.2 Grade MW (Moderate Weathering)Brick intendedfor use where moderate resistance to cyclic freezing damage ispermissible.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct res
13、ponsibility of SubcommitteeC15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved June 15, 2013. Published June 2013. Originallyapproved in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as C216 12a. DOI:10.1520/C0216-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
14、orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the en
15、d of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1NOTE 1Measurement of moisture content of brick in buildingsindicates that, when the building is designed and constructed to reducewater penetration, the 24-h cold water
16、 absorption is unlikely to beexceeded.4.2 TypesThree types of facing brick are covered:4.2.1 Type FBSBrick for general use in masonry.4.2.2 Type FBXBrick for general use in masonry where ahigher degree of precision and lower permissible variation insize than permitted for Type FBS is required.4.2.3
17、Type FBABrick for general use in masonry selectedto produce characteristic architectural effects resulting fromnonuniformity in size and texture of the individual units.4.3 When the type is not specified, the requirements forType FBS shall govern.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for facing brick un
18、der this specification shallinclude the following information:5.1.1 Grade (Section 4.1)Grade SW governs when gradeis not specified.5.1.2 Type (Section 4.2)Type FBS governs when type isnot specified.5.1.2.1 For Type FBA, specify chippage (10.1), tolerances(Section 9), or approve a designated sample.5
19、.1.3 Color, color range, and texture (10.4) by approving asample.5.1.3.1 Finish on more than one face and one end (10.5).5.1.4 Size (9.1)Specify width by height by length.5.1.5 Sampling (12.2)Person to select samples and placeor places of selection of samples for testing.5.2 Orders for facing brick
20、under this specification mayinclude the following information:5.2.1 Strength (7.2)Specify only if above minimum com-pressive strength in Table 1.5.2.2 Coring (11.1)At option of manufacturer if not speci-fied.5.2.3 Frogging (11.2)Frog permitted in one bearing faceif not specified.5.2.4 Costs of Tests
21、 (Note 14)Party who will pay andconditions for payment of compliance testing.NOTE 2Color, color range, and texture are best specified by identify-ing a particular manufacturer and unit designation. Nominal dimensionsshould not be used to specify size.NOTE 3See sections 7.3 and 8 for optional informa
22、tion.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Colors and textures produced by application of inor-ganic coatings to the faces of the brick shall be permitted withthe consent of the purchaser, provided that evidence is fur-nished of the durability of the coatings. Brick that are coloredby flashing or textured
23、 by sanding, where the sand does notform a continuous coating, shall not be considered as surface-colored brick for the purpose of this specification.NOTE 4When surface-colored brick, other than sanded or flashed, arespecified for exterior use, the purchaser should require that data besubmitted show
24、ing that after 50 cycles of freezing thawing there is noobservable difference in the applied finish when viewed from a distance of10 ft (3.0 m) under an illumination of not less than 50 fc (538 lx) by anobserver with normal vision.Service records of the performance of the particular coated brick ine
25、xterior locations may be accepted in place of the freezing and thawingtest, upon consent of the purchaser.6.2 The brick shall be free of defects, deficiencies, andsurface treatments, including coatings, that would interferewith the proper laying of the brick or significantly impair thestrength or pe
26、rformance of the construction.6.3 If any post-firing coatings or surface treatments areapplied by the manufacturer, the manufacturer shall report thetype and extent of these coatings or surface treatments in allcertificates of compliance with this specification.7. Physical Properties7.1 DurabilityWh
27、en grade is not specified, the require-ments for Grade SW shall govern.7.1.1 Physical Property RequirementsThe brick shall con-form to the physical requirements for the grade specified asprescribed in Table 1. For the compressive strength require-ments in Table 1, test the unit with the compressive
28、forceperpendicular to the bed surface of the unit, with the unit in thestretcher position.7.1.2 Absorption AlternateThe saturation coefficient re-quirement does not apply provided that the 24-h cold waterabsorption of each of the five units tested does not exceed8.0 %.7.1.3 Freezing and Thawing Alte
29、rnativeThe requirementsfor 5-h boiling water absorption and saturation coefficient donot apply, provided a representative sample of five brick,meeting the strength requirements of Table 1, passes thefreezing and thawing test as described in the Rating Section ofthe Freezing and Thawing test procedur
30、es of Test MethodsC67:NOTE 5The 50 cycle freezing and thawing test is used as analternative only when the brick do not conform to either Table 1requirements for maximum water absorption and saturation coefficient, orto the requirements of the Absorption Alternate in 7.1.2.7.1.3.1 Grade SW: Breakage
31、and Weight LossRequirementNo individual unit separates or disintegratesresulting in a weight loss greater than 0.5 % of its original dryweight.TABLE 1 Physical RequirementsDesignationMinimum Compressive Strengthpsi, (MPa) gross areaMaximum Water Absorptionby 5-h Boiling, %Maximum SaturationCoefficie
32、ntAAverage of 5brickIndividualAverageof 5 brickIndividualAverageof 5 brickIndividualGrade SW 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) 17.0 20.0 0.78 0.80Grade MW 2500 (17.2) 2200 (15.2) 22.0 25.0 0.88 0.90AThe saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in cold water to that after 5-h submer
33、sion in boiling water.C216 1327.1.3.2 Grade SW: Cracking RequirementNo individualunit develops a crack that exceeds, in length, the units leastdimension.7.1.4 Low Weathering Index AlternativeIf the brick areintended for use exposed to weather where the weatheringindex is less than 50 (see Fig. 1), a
34、nd unless otherwisespecified, the requirements given in Table 1 for 5-h boilingwater absorption and for saturation coefficient shall not apply,but the minimum average compressive strength requirement of2500 psi (17.2 MPa) shall apply.NOTE 6The effect of weathering on brick is related to the weatheri
35、ngindex, which for any locality is the product of the average annual numberof freezing cycle days and the average annual winter rainfall in inches(millimetres), defined as follows.4A Freezing Cycle Day is any day during which the air temperaturepasses either above or below 32F (0C). The average numb
36、er of freezingcycle days in a year may be taken to equal the difference between themean number of days during which the minimum temperature was 32For below, and the mean number of days during which the maximumtemperature was 32F or below.Winter Rainfall is the sum, in inches (millimetres), of the me
37、an monthlycorrected precipitation (rainfall) occurring during the period between andincluding the normal date of the first killing frost in the fall and the normaldate of the last killing frost in the spring. The winter rainfall for any periodis equal to the total precipitation less one tenth of the
38、 total fall of snow,sleet, and hail. Rainfall for a portion of a month is prorated.Fig. 1 indicates general areas of the United States which correspond tothe weathering index categories listed. The index for geographic locationsnear the 50 line should be determined by analysis of weather bureau loca
39、lclimatological summaries, with due regard to the effect of microclimaticconditions, especially altitude.The recommended correlation between grade of facing brick, weather-ing index, and exposure is found in Fig. 1. The specifier may use theserecommendations or use the grade descriptions and physica
40、l requirementsalong with use exposure and local climatological conditions to selectgrade.7.2 StrengthWhen brick are required having strengthsgreater than prescribed by this specification, the purchaser shallspecify the desired minimum compressive strength.4Data needed to determine the weathering for
41、 any locality may be found orestimated from tables of Local Climatological DataAnnual Summary withComparative Data available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis-tration.Grade Recommendations for Face ExposuresExposureWeathering Index (Note 6)Lessthan 5050 andgreaterIn vertical surfaces
42、:In contact with earth SW orMWSWNot in contact with earth SW orMWSWIn other than vertical surfaces:In contact with earth SW SWNot in contact with earth SW orMWSWFIG. 1 Weathering Indices in the United StatesC216 1337.3 Initial Rate of Absorption (IRA)Test results for IRAshall be determined in accord
43、ance with the IRA (Suction)(Laboratory Test) of Test Methods C67 and shall be furnishedat the request of the specifier or purchaser. IRA is not aqualifying condition or property of units in this specification.This property is measured in order to assist in mortar selectionand material handling in th
44、e construction process. See Note 7.NOTE 7Initial Rate of Absorption (Suction)Both laboratory andfield investigation have shown that strong and watertight joints betweenmortar and masonry units are not achieved by ordinary constructionmethods when the units as laid have excessive initial rates of abs
45、orption.Mortar that has stiffened somewhat because of excessive loss of mixingwater to a unit may not make complete and intimate contact with thesecond unit, resulting in poor adhesion, incomplete bond, and water-permeable joints of low strength. IRA of the units is determined by theoven-dried proce
46、dure described in the IRA (Suction) (Laboratory Test) ofTest Methods C67. IRAin the field depends on the moisture content of themasonry unit and is determined in accordance with the IRA (Suction)Field Test of Test Methods C67. Units having average field IRAexceeding30 g/min30 in.2(30 g/min194 cm2) s
47、hould have their IRAreduced below30 g/min30 in.2prior to laying. They may be wetted immediately beforethey are laid, but it is preferable to wet them thoroughly 3 to 24 h prior totheir use so as to allow time for moisture to become distributed throughoutthe unit.NOTE 8Loose sand, such as mold-releas
48、e sand in molded brick andparting agents, used in the manufacturing process is not intended as asurface coating. Such loose sand is typically removed during the processof construction and cleaning and is not addressed in this specification.NOTE 9The cleaning procedures used on surface-coated brick c
49、anhave an effect on the appearance of the surface coating. Manufacturersshould be consulted for specific cleaning recommendations on these units.8. Efflorescence8.1 Brick are not required to be tested for efflorescence tocomply with this specification unless requested by the specifieror purchaser. When the efflorescence test is requested by thespecifier or purchaser, the brick shall be sampled at the place ofmanufacture, and tested in accordance with Test Methods C67,and a rating for efflorescence shall be “not effloresced.” If theratin
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