1、Designation: C216 14Standard Specification forFacing Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay orShale)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers brick intended
3、 for use inmasonry and supplying structural or facing components, orboth, to the structure.1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply atthe time of purchase. The use of results from testing of brickextracted from masonry structures for determining confor-mance or nonconformance to the
4、 property requirements (Sec-tion 7) of this specification is beyond the scope of thisspecification.1.3 The brick are prismatic units available in a variety ofsizes, textures, colors, and shapes. This specification is notintended to provide specifications for paving brick (see Speci-fication C902).1.
5、4 Brick are ceramic products manufactured primarilyfrom clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring earthy sub-stances and subjected to a heat treatment at elevated tempera-tures (firing). Additives or recycled materials are permitted tobe included at the option of the manufacturer. The heattreatmen
6、t must develop a fired bond between the particulateconstituents to provide the strength and durability requirementsof this specification (see Terminology C1232).1.5 Brick are shaped during manufacture by molding,pressing, or extrusion, and the shaping method is a way todescribe the brick.1.5.1 This
7、standard and its individual requirements shall notbe used to qualify or corroborate the performance of a masonryunit made from other materials, or made with other formingmethods, or other means of binding the materials.1.6 Three types of brick in each of two grades are covered.1.7 The text of this s
8、pecification references notes andfootnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes andfootnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standard.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parenthe
9、ses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic PavingBrickC1232 Ter
10、minology of MasonryC1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions relating to masonry andfacing brick, refer to Terminology C1232.4. Classification4.1 GradesGrades classify brick according to their resis-tance to damage by freezing when saturated at
11、a moisturecontent not exceeding the 24-h cold water absorption. Twogrades of facing brick are covered and the requirements aregiven in Section 7.4.1.1 Grade SW (Severe Weathering) Brick intended foruse where high resistance to damage caused by cyclic freezingis desired.4.1.2 Grade MW (Moderate Weath
12、ering)Brick intendedfor use where moderate resistance to cyclic freezing damage ispermissible.NOTE 1Measurement of moisture content of brick in buildingsindicates that, when the building is designed and constructed to reducewater penetration, the 24-h cold water absorption is unlikely to beexceeded.
13、1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.02 on Brick and Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014. Published March 2014. Originallyapproved in 1947. Last previous edition app
14、roved in 2013 as C216 13. DOI:10.1520/C0216-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of
15、Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14.2 TypesThree types of facing brick are covered:4.2.1 Type FBSBrick for general use in masonry.4.2.2 Type FBXBrick for general use in
16、masonry where ahigher degree of precision and lower permissible variation insize than permitted for Type FBS is required.4.2.3 Type FBABrick for general use in masonry selectedto produce characteristic architectural effects resulting fromnonuniformity in size and texture of the individual units.4.3
17、When the type is not specified, the requirements forType FBS shall govern.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for facing brick under this specification shallinclude the following information:5.1.1 Grade (Section 4.1)Grade SW governs when gradeis not specified.5.1.2 Type (Section 4.2)Type FBS governs w
18、hen type isnot specified.5.1.2.1 For Type FBA, specify chippage (10.1), tolerances(Section 9), or approve a designated sample.5.1.3 Color, color range, and texture (10.4) by approving asample.5.1.3.1 Finish on more than one face and one end (10.5).5.1.4 Size (9.1)Specify width by height by length.5.
19、1.5 Sampling (12.2)Person to select samples and placeor places of selection of samples for testing.5.2 Orders for facing brick under this specification mayinclude the following information:5.2.1 Strength (7.2)Specify only if above minimum com-pressive strength in Table 1.5.2.2 Coring (11.1)At option
20、 of manufacturer if not speci-fied.5.2.3 Frogging (11.2)Frog permitted in one bearing faceif not specified.5.2.4 Costs of Tests (Note 14)Party who will pay andconditions for payment of compliance testing.NOTE 2Color, color range, and texture are best specified by identify-ing a particular manufactur
21、er and unit designation. Nominal dimensionsshould not be used to specify size.NOTE 3See sections 7.3 and 8 for optional information.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Colors and textures produced by application of inor-ganic coatings to the faces of the brick shall be permitted withthe consent of the p
22、urchaser, provided that evidence is fur-nished of the durability of the coatings. Brick that are coloredby flashing or textured by sanding, where the sand does notform a continuous coating, shall not be considered as surface-colored brick for the purpose of this specification.NOTE 4When surface-colo
23、red brick, other than sanded or flashed, arespecified for exterior use, the purchaser should require that data besubmitted showing that after 50 cycles of freezing thawing there is noobservable difference in the applied finish when viewed from a distance of10 ft (3.0 m) under an illumination of not
24、less than 50 fc (538 lx) by anobserver with normal vision.Service records of the performance of the particular coated brick inexterior locations may be accepted in place of the freezing and thawingtest, upon consent of the purchaser.6.2 The brick shall be free of defects, deficiencies, andsurface tr
25、eatments, including coatings, that would interferewith the proper laying of the brick or significantly impair thestrength or performance of the construction.6.3 If any post-firing coatings or surface treatments areapplied by the manufacturer, the manufacturer shall report thetype and extent of these
26、 coatings or surface treatments in allcertificates of compliance with this specification.7. Physical Properties7.1 DurabilityWhen grade is not specified, the require-ments for Grade SW shall govern.7.1.1 Physical Property RequirementsThe brick shall con-form to the physical requirements for the grad
27、e specified asprescribed in Table 1. For the compressive strength require-ments in Table 1, test the unit with the compressive forceperpendicular to the bed surface of the unit, with the unit in thestretcher position.7.1.2 Absorption AlternateThe saturation coefficient re-quirement does not apply pr
28、ovided that the 24-h cold waterabsorption of each of the five units tested does not exceed8.0 %.7.1.3 Freezing and Thawing AlternativeThe requirementsfor 5-h boiling water absorption and saturation coefficient donot apply, provided a representative sample of five brick,meeting the strength requireme
29、nts of Table 1, passes thefreezing and thawing test as described in the Rating Section ofthe Freezing and Thawing test procedures of Test MethodsC67:NOTE 5The 50 cycle freezing and thawing test is used as analternative only when the brick do not conform to either Table 1requirements for maximum wate
30、r absorption and saturation coefficient, orto the requirements of the Absorption Alternate in 7.1.2.7.1.3.1 Grade SW: Breakage and Weight LossRequirementNo individual unit separates or disintegratesresulting in a weight loss greater than 0.5 % of its original dryweight.7.1.3.2 Grade SW: Cracking Req
31、uirementNo individualunit develops a crack that exceeds, in length, the units leastdimension.TABLE 1 Physical RequirementsDesignationMinimum Compressive Strengthpsi, (MPa) gross areaMaximum Water Absorptionby 5-h Boiling, %Maximum SaturationCoefficientAAverage of 5brickIndividualAverageof 5 brickInd
32、ividualAverageof 5 brickIndividualGrade SW 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) 17.0 20.0 0.78 0.80Grade MW 2500 (17.2) 2200 (15.2) 22.0 25.0 0.88 0.90AThe saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in cold water to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water.C216 1427.1.4 Low Weathering
33、 Index AlternativeIf the brick areintended for use exposed to weather where the weatheringindex is less than 50 (see Fig. 1), and unless otherwisespecified, the requirements given in Table 1 for 5-h boilingwater absorption and for saturation coefficient shall not apply,but the minimum average compre
34、ssive strength requirement of2500 psi (17.2 MPa) shall apply.NOTE 6The effect of weathering on brick is related to the weatheringindex, which for any locality is the product of the average annual numberof freezing cycle days and the average annual winter rainfall in inches(millimetres), defined as f
35、ollows.3A Freezing Cycle Day is any day during which the air temperaturepasses either above or below 32F (0C). The average number of freezingcycle days in a year may be taken to equal the difference between themean number of days during which the minimum temperature was 32For below, and the mean num
36、ber of days during which the maximumtemperature was 32F or below.Winter Rainfall is the sum, in inches (millimetres), of the mean monthlycorrected precipitation (rainfall) occurring during the period between andincluding the normal date of the first killing frost in the fall and the normaldate of th
37、e last killing frost in the spring. The winter rainfall for any periodis equal to the total precipitation less one tenth of the total fall of snow,sleet, and hail. Rainfall for a portion of a month is prorated.Fig. 1 indicates general areas of the United States which correspond tothe weathering inde
38、x categories listed. The index for geographic locationsnear the 50 line should be determined by analysis of weather bureau localclimatological summaries, with due regard to the effect of microclimaticconditions, especially altitude.The recommended correlation between grade of facing brick, weather-i
39、ng index, and exposure is found in Fig. 1. The specifier may use theserecommendations or use the grade descriptions and physical requirementsalong with use exposure and local climatological conditions to selectgrade.7.2 StrengthWhen brick are required having strengthsgreater than prescribed by this
40、specification, the purchaser shallspecify the desired minimum compressive strength.7.3 Initial Rate of Absorption (IRA)Test results for IRAshall be determined in accordance with the IRA (Suction)(Laboratory Test) of Test Methods C67 and shall be furnished3Data needed to determine the weathering for
41、any locality may be found orestimated from tables of Local Climatological DataAnnual Summary withComparative Data available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis-tration.Grade Recommendations for Face ExposuresExposureWeathering Index (Note 6)Lessthan 5050 andgreaterIn vertical surfaces:
42、In contact with earth SW orMWSWNot in contact with earth SW orMWSWIn other than vertical surfaces:In contact with earth SW SWNot in contact with earth SW orMWSWFIG. 1 Weathering Indices in the United StatesC216 143at the request of the specifier or purchaser. IRA is not aqualifying condition or prop
43、erty of units in this specification.This property is measured in order to assist in mortar selectionand material handling in the construction process. See Note 7.NOTE 7Initial Rate of Absorption (Suction)Both laboratory andfield investigation have shown that strong and watertight joints betweenmorta
44、r and masonry units are not achieved by ordinary constructionmethods when the units as laid have excessive initial rates of absorption.Mortar that has stiffened somewhat because of excessive loss of mixingwater to a unit may not make complete and intimate contact with thesecond unit, resulting in po
45、or adhesion, incomplete bond, and water-permeable joints of low strength. IRA of the units is determined by theoven-dried procedure described in the IRA (Suction) (Laboratory Test) ofTest Methods C67. IRAin the field depends on the moisture content of themasonry unit and is determined in accordance
46、with the IRA (Suction)Field Test of Test Methods C67. Units having average field IRAexceeding30 g/min30 in.2(30 g/min194 cm2) should have their IRAreduced below30 g/min30 in.2prior to laying. They may be wetted immediately beforethey are laid, but it is preferable to wet them thoroughly 3 to 24 h pr
47、ior totheir use so as to allow time for moisture to become distributed throughoutthe unit.NOTE 8Loose sand, such as mold-release sand in molded brick andparting agents, used in the manufacturing process is not intended as asurface coating. Such loose sand is typically removed during the processof co
48、nstruction and cleaning and is not addressed in this specification.NOTE 9The cleaning procedures used on surface-coated brick canhave an effect on the appearance of the surface coating. Manufacturersshould be consulted for specific cleaning recommendations on these units.8. Efflorescence8.1 Brick ar
49、e not required to be tested for efflorescence tocomply with this specification unless requested by the specifieror purchaser. When the efflorescence test is requested by thespecifier or purchaser, the brick shall be sampled at the place ofmanufacture, and tested in accordance with Test Methods C67,and a rating for efflorescence shall be “not effloresced.” If therating for efflorescence is “effloresced,” the brick representedby the testing do not meet the efflorescence requirements ofthis specification.9. Dimensions and Permissible Varia
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