1、Designation: C216 16C216 17Standard Specification forFacing Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay orShale)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of la
2、st revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers brick i
3、ntended for use in masonry and supplying structural or facing components, or both, to thestructure.1.2 The property requirements of this specification apply at the time of purchase. The use of results from testing of brickextracted from masonry structures for determining conformance or nonconformanc
4、e to the property requirements (Section 7) ofthis specification is beyond the scopeintent of this specification.1.3 The brick are prismatic units available in a variety of sizes, textures, colors, and shapes. This specification is not intendedto provide specifications for paving brick (see Specifica
5、tion C902).1.4 Brick are ceramic products manufactured primarily from clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring earthy substances andsubjected to a heat treatment at elevated temperatures (firing). Additives or recycled materials are permitted to be included at theoption of the manufacturer. The h
6、eat treatment must develop a fired bond between the particulate constituents to provide thestrength and durability requirements of this specification (see Terminology C1232).1.5 Brick are shaped during manufacture by molding, pressing, or extrusion, and the shaping method is a way to describe thebri
7、ck.1.5.1 This standard and its individual requirements shall not be used to qualify or corroborate the performance of a masonryunit made from other materials, or made with other forming methods, or other means of binding the materials.1.6 Three types of brick in each of two grades are covered.1.7 Th
8、e text of this specification references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values
9、 given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay TileC902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic
10、Paving BrickC1232 Terminology of MasonryC1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions relating to masonry and facing brick, refer to Terminology C1232.1 This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units
11、 and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.02 on Brickand Structural Clay Tile.Current edition approved June 1, 2016March 15, 2017. Published July 2016March 2017. Originally approved in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 20152016 asC216 15.C216 16. DOI: 10.1520/C0216-16.10.1520/C0216
12、-17.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended onl
13、y to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versi
14、onof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States14. Classification4.1 GradesGrades classi
15、fy brick according to their resistance to damage by freezing when saturated at a moisture content notexceeding the 24-h cold water absorption. Two grades of facing brick are covered and the requirements are given in Section 7.4.1.1 Grade SW (Severe Weathering)Brick intended for use where high resist
16、ance to damage caused by cyclic freezing isdesired.4.1.2 Grade MW (Moderate Weathering)Brick intended for use where moderate resistance to cyclic freezing damage ispermissible.NOTE 1Although grade is associated with resistance to deterioration under freeze/thaw exposures, freeze/thaw resistance of a
17、 clay brick unit is alsoaffected by the properties of the surrounding materials, the construction details, and the overall environment in which the clay unit is placed; each of whichmay influence exposure to moisture and freezing conditions. Brick masonry should be detailed to minimize saturation or
18、 near-saturation of the units infreezing conditions. Measurement of moisture content of brick in buildings indicates that, when the building is designed and constructed to reduce waterpenetration, the 24-h cold water absorption is unlikely to be exceeded.4.2 TypesThree types of facing brick are cove
19、red:4.2.1 Type FBSBrick for general use in masonry.4.2.2 Type FBXBrick for general use in masonry where a higher degree of precision and lower permissible variation in sizethan permitted for Type FBS is required.4.2.3 Type FBABrick for general use in masonry selected to produce characteristic archit
20、ectural effects resulting fromnonuniformity in size and texture of the individual units.4.3 When the type is not specified, the requirements for Type FBS shall govern.5. Ordering Information5.1 Orders for facing brick under this specification shall include the following information:5.1.1 Grade (Sect
21、ion 4.1)Grade SW governs when grade is not specified.5.1.2 Type (Section 4.2)Type FBS governs when type is not specified.5.1.2.1 For Type FBA, specify chippage (10.1), tolerances (Section 9), or approve a designated sample.5.1.3 Color, color range, and texture (10.410.3) by approving a sample.5.1.3.
22、1 Finish on more than one face and one end (10.510.4).5.1.4 Size (9.1)Specify width by height by length.5.1.5 Sampling (12.2)Person to select samples and place or places of selection of samples for testing.5.2 Orders for facing brick under this specification may include the following information:5.2
23、.1 Strength (7.2)Specify only if above minimum compressive strength in Table 1.5.2.2 Coring (11.1)At option of manufacturer if not specified.5.2.3 Frogging (11.2)Frog permitted in one bearing face if not specified.5.2.4 Costs of Tests (Note 1415)Party who will pay and conditions for payment of compl
24、iance testing.5.2.5 Special Shapes (10.510.4)Specify size, dimensions and finished faces by approved shop drawing or other means.NOTE 2Color, color range, and texture are best specified by identifying a particular manufacturer and unit designation. Nominal dimensions shouldnot be used to specify siz
25、e.NOTE 3See sections 7.3 and 8 for optional information.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Colors and textures produced by application of inorganic coatings to the faces of the brick shall be permitted with theconsent of the purchaser, provided that evidence is furnished of the durability of the coatin
26、gs. Brick that are colored by flashingor textured by sanding, where the sand does not form a continuous coating, shall not be considered as surface-colored brick forthe purpose of this specification.NOTE 4When surface-colored brick, other than sanded or flashed, are specified for exterior use, the p
27、urchaser should require that data be submittedshowing that after 50 cycles of freezing thawing there is no observable difference in the applied finish when viewed from a distance of 10 ft (3.0 m) underan illumination of not less than 50 fc (538 lx) by an observer with normal vision.Service records o
28、f the performance of the particular coated brick in exterior locations may be accepted in place of the freezing and thawing test, uponconsent of the purchaser.TABLE 1 Physical RequirementsDesignationMinimum Compressive Strengthpsi, (MPa) gross areaMaximum Water Absorptionby 5-h Boiling, %Maximum Sat
29、urationCoefficientAAverage of 5brick IndividualAverageof 5 brick IndividualAverageof 5 brick IndividualGrade SW 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) 17.0 20.0 0.78 0.80Grade MW 2500 (17.2) 2200 (15.2) 22.0 25.0 0.88 0.90A The saturation coefficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in cold water to t
30、hat after 5-h submersion in boiling water.C216 1726.2 The brick shall be free of defects, deficiencies, and surface treatments, including coatings, that would interfere with theproper laying of the brick or significantly impair the strength or performance of the construction.6.3 If any post-firing c
31、oatings or surface treatments are applied by the manufacturer, the manufacturer shall report the type andextent of these coatings or surface treatments in all certificates of compliance with this specification.7. Physical Properties7.1 DurabilityWhen grade is not specified, the requirements for Grad
32、e SW shall govern.7.1.1 Physical Property RequirementsThe brick shall conform to the physical requirements for the grade specified asprescribed in Table 1. For the compressive strength requirements in Table 1, test the unit with the compressive force perpendicularto the bed surface of the unit, with
33、 the unit in the stretcher position.7.1.2 Absorption AlternateThe saturation coefficient requirement does not apply provided that the 24-h cold water absorptionof each of the five units tested does not exceed 8.0 %.7.1.3 Freezing and Thawing AlternativeThe requirements for 5-h boiling water absorpti
34、on and saturation coefficient do notapply, provided a representative sample of five brick, meeting the strength requirements of Table 1, passes the freezing and thawingtest as described in the Rating Section of the Freezing and Thawing test procedures of Test Methods C67:NOTE 5The 50 cycle freezing
35、and thawing test is used as an alternative only when the brick do not conform to either Table 1 requirements formaximum water absorption and saturation coefficient, or to the requirements of the Absorption Alternate in 7.1.2.7.1.3.1 Grade SW: Breakage and Weight Loss RequirementNo individual unit se
36、parates or disintegrates resulting in a weightloss greater than 0.5 % of its original dry weight.7.1.3.2 Grade SW: Cracking RequirementNo individual unit develops a crack that exceeds, in length, the units leastdimension.7.1.4 Low Weathering Index AlternativeIf the brick are intended for use exposed
37、 to weather where the weathering index isless than 50 (see Fig. 1), and unless otherwise specified, the requirements given in Table 1 for 5-h boiling water absorption andfor saturation coefficient shall not apply, but the minimum average compressive strength requirement of 2500 psi (17.2 MPa) shalla
38、pply.NOTE 6The effect of weathering on brick is related to the weathering index, which for any locality is the product of the average annual number offreezing cycle days and the average annual winter rainfall in inches (millimetres), defined as follows.3A Freezing Cycle Day is any day during which t
39、he air temperature passes either above or below 32F (0C). The average number of freezing cycledays in a year may be taken to equal the difference between the mean number of days during which the minimum temperature was 32F or below, andthe mean number of days during which the maximum temperature was
40、 32F or below.Winter Rainfall is the sum, in inches (millimetres), of the mean monthly corrected precipitation (rainfall) occurring during the period between andincluding the normal date of the first killing frost in the fall and the normal date of the last killing frost in the spring. The winter ra
41、infall for any periodis equal to the total precipitation less one tenth of the total fall of snow, sleet, and hail. Rainfall for a portion of a month is prorated.Fig. 1 indicates general areas of the United States that correspond to the weathering index categories listed. The index for geographic lo
42、cations nearthe 50 line should be determined by analysis of weather bureau local climatological summaries, with due regard to the effect of microclimatic conditions,especially altitude.The recommended correlation between grade of facing brick, weathering index, and exposure is found in Fig. 1. The s
43、pecifier may use theserecommendations or use the grade descriptions and physical requirements along with use exposure and local climatological conditions to select grade.7.2 StrengthWhen brick are required having strengths greater than prescribed by this specification, the purchaser shall specifythe
44、 desired minimum compressive strength.7.3 Initial Rate of Absorption (IRA)Test results for IRAshall be determined in accordance with the IRA(Suction) (LaboratoryTest) of Test Methods C67 and shall be furnished at the request of the specifier or purchaser. IRA is not a qualifying condition orproperty
45、 of units in this specification. This property is measured in order to assist in mortar selection and material handling in theconstruction process. See Note 7.NOTE 7Initial Rate of Absorption (Suction)Both laboratory and field investigation have shown that strong and watertight joints between mortar
46、and masonry units are not achieved by ordinary construction methods when the units as laid have excessive initial rates of absorption. Mortar that hasstiffened somewhat because of excessive loss of mixing water to a unit may not make complete and intimate contact with the second unit, resulting inpo
47、or adhesion, incomplete bond, and water-permeable joints of low strength. IRA of the units is determined by the oven-dried procedure described inthe IRA (Suction) (Laboratory Test) of Test Methods C67. IRA in the field depends on the moisture content of the masonry unit and is determined inaccordanc
48、e with the IRA (Suction)Field Test of Test Methods C67. Units having average field IRA exceeding 30 g/min30 in.2 (30 g/min194 cm2)should have their IRA reduced below 30 g/min30 in.2 prior to laying. They may be wetted immediately before they are laid, but it is preferable to wetthem thoroughly 3 to
49、24 h prior to their use so as to allow time for moisture to become distributed throughout the unit.NOTE 8Loose sand, such as mold-release sand in molded brick and parting agents, used in the manufacturing process is not intended as a surfacecoating. Such loose sand is typically removed during the process of construction and cleaning and is not addressed in this specification.NOTE 9The cleaning procedures used on surface-coated brick can have an effect on the appearance of the surface coating. Manufacturers should beconsulted for speci
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