1、Designation: C216 17aStandard Specification forFacing Brick (Solid Masonry Units Made from Clay orShale)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C216; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers brick intende
3、d for use inmasonry and supplying structural or facing components, orboth, to the structure.1.2 The requirements of this specification apply at the timeof purchase. The use of results from testing of brick extractedfrom masonry structures for determining conformance ornonconformance to the requireme
4、nts of this specification isbeyond the intent of this specification.1.3 The brick are prismatic units available in a variety ofsizes, textures, colors, and shapes. This specification is notintended to provide specifications for paving brick (see Speci-fication C902).1.4 Brick are ceramic products ma
5、nufactured primarilyfrom clay, shale, or similar naturally occurring earthy sub-stances and subjected to a heat treatment at elevated tempera-tures (firing). Additives or recycled materials are permitted tobe included at the option of the manufacturer. The heattreatment must develop a fired bond bet
6、ween the particulateconstituents to provide the strength and durability requirementsof this specification (see Terminology C1232).1.5 Brick are shaped during manufacture by molding,pressing, or extrusion, and the shaping method is a way todescribe the brick.1.5.1 This standard and its individual req
7、uirements shall notbe used to qualify or corroborate the performance of a masonryunit made from other materials, or made with other formingmethods, or other means of binding the materials.1.6 Three types of brick in each of two grades are covered.1.7 The text of this specification references notes a
8、ndfootnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes andfootnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not beconsidered as requirements of the standard.1.8 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions
9、to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guide
10、s and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick andStructural Clay TileC902 Specification for Pedestrian and Light Traffic PavingBrickC1232 Terminology
11、for MasonryC1272 Specification for Heavy Vehicular Paving Brick3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions relating to masonry andfacing brick, refer to Terminology C1232.4. Classification4.1 GradesGrades classify brick according to their resis-tance to damage by freezing and thawing when saturated
12、 at amoisture content not exceeding the 24-h cold water absorption.Two grades of facing brick are covered and the requirementsare given in Section 7.4.1.1 Grade SW (Severe Weathering)Brick intended foruse where high resistance to damage caused by cyclic freezingand thawing is desired.4.1.2 Grade MW
13、(Moderate Weathering)Brick intendedfor use where moderate resistance to cyclic freezing andthawing damage is permissible.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 onManufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC15.02 on Brick and Structural Cla
14、y Tile.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originallyapproved in 1947. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as C216 17. DOI:10.1520/C0216-17A.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Ann
15、ual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis interna
16、tional standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Commi
17、ttee.1NOTE 1Although grade is associated with resistance to deteriorationunder freeze/thaw exposures, freeze/thaw resistance of a clay brick unit isalso affected by the properties of the surrounding materials, the construc-tion details, and the overall environment in which the clay unit is placed;ea
18、ch of which may influence exposure to moisture and freezing condi-tions. Brick masonry should be detailed to minimize saturation ornear-saturation of the units in freezing conditions. Measurement ofmoisture content of brick in buildings indicates that, when the building isdesigned and constructed to
19、 reduce water penetration, the 24-h cold waterabsorption is unlikely to be exceeded.4.2 TypesThree types of facing brick are covered:4.2.1 Type FBSBrick for general use in masonry.4.2.2 Type FBXBrick for general use in masonry where ahigher degree of precision and lower permissible variation insize
20、than permitted for Type FBS is required.4.2.3 Type FBABrick for general use in masonry selectedto produce characteristic architectural effects resulting fromnonuniformity in size and texture of the individual units.4.3 When the type is not specified, the requirements forType FBS shall govern.5. Orde
21、ring Information5.1 Orders for facing brick under this specification shallinclude the following information:5.1.1 Grade (Section 4.1)Grade SW governs when gradeis not specified.5.1.2 Type (Section 4.2)Type FBS governs when type isnot specified.5.1.2.1 For Type FBA, specify chippage (10.1), tolerance
22、s(Section 9), or approve a designated sample.5.1.3 Color, color range, and texture (10.3) by approving asample.5.1.3.1 Finish on more than one face and one end (10.4).5.1.4 Size (9.1)Specify width by height by length.5.1.5 Sampling (12.2)Person to select samples and placeor places of selection of sa
23、mples for testing.5.2 Orders for facing brick under this specification mayinclude the following information:5.2.1 Strength (7.2)Specify only if above minimum com-pressive strength in Table 1.5.2.2 Coring (11.1)At option of manufacturer if not speci-fied.5.2.3 Frogging (11.2)Frog permitted in one bea
24、ring faceif not specified.5.2.4 Costs of Tests (Note 15)Party who will pay andconditions for payment of compliance testing.5.2.5 Special Shapes (10.4)Specify size, dimensions andfinished faces by approved shop drawing or other means.NOTE 2Color, color range, and texture are best specified by identif
25、y-ing a particular manufacturer and unit designation. Nominal dimensionsshould not be used to specify size.NOTE 3See sections 7.3 and 8 for optional information.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Colors and textures produced by application of inor-ganic coatings to the faces of the brick shall be permi
26、tted withthe consent of the purchaser, provided that evidence is fur-nished of the durability of the coatings. Brick that are coloredby flashing or textured by sanding, where the sand does notform a continuous coating, shall not be considered as surface-colored brick for the purpose of this specific
27、ation.NOTE 4When surface-colored brick, other than sanded or flashed, arespecified for exterior use, the purchaser should require that data besubmitted showing that after 50 cycles of freezing thawing there is noobservable difference in the applied finish when viewed from a distance of10 ft (3.0 m)
28、under an illumination of not less than 50 fc (538 lx) by anobserver with normal vision.Service records of the performance of the particular coated brick inexterior locations may be accepted in place of the freezing and thawingtest, upon consent of the purchaser.6.2 The brick shall be free of defects
29、, deficiencies, andsurface treatments, including coatings, that would interferewith the proper laying of the brick or significantly impair thestrength or performance of the construction.6.3 If any post-firing coatings or surface treatments areapplied by the manufacturer, the manufacturer shall repor
30、t thetype and extent of these coatings or surface treatments in allcertificates of compliance with this specification.7. Physical Properties7.1 DurabilityWhen grade is not specified, the require-ments for Grade SW shall govern.7.1.1 Physical Property RequirementsThe brick shall con-form to the physi
31、cal requirements for the grade specified asprescribed in Table 1. For the compressive strength require-ments in Table 1, test the unit with the compressive forceperpendicular to the bed surface of the unit, with the unit in thestretcher position.7.1.2 Absorption AlternateThe saturation coefficient r
32、e-quirement does not apply provided that the 24-h cold waterabsorption of each of the five units tested does not exceed8.0 %.7.1.3 Freezing and Thawing AlternativeThe requirementsfor 5-h boiling water absorption and saturation coefficient donot apply, provided a representative sample of five brick,m
33、eeting the strength requirements of Table 1, passes thefreezing and thawing test as described in the Rating Section ofthe Freezing and Thawing test procedures of Test MethodsC67:NOTE 5The 50 cycle freezing and thawing test is used as anTABLE 1 Physical RequirementsDesignationMinimum Compressive Stre
34、ngthpsi, (MPa) gross areaMaximum Water Absorptionby 5-h Boiling, %Maximum SaturationCoefficientAAverage of 5brickIndividualAverageof 5 brickIndividualAverageof 5 brickIndividualGrade SW 3000 (20.7) 2500 (17.2) 17.0 20.0 0.78 0.80Grade MW 2500 (17.2) 2200 (15.2) 22.0 25.0 0.88 0.90AThe saturation coe
35、fficient is the ratio of absorption by 24-h submersion in cold water to that after 5-h submersion in boiling water.C216 17a2alternative only when the brick do not conform to either Table 1requirements for maximum water absorption and saturation coefficient, orto the requirements of the Absorption Al
36、ternate in 7.1.2.7.1.3.1 Grade SW: Breakage and Weight LossRequirementNo individual unit separates or disintegratesresulting in a weight loss greater than 0.5 % of its original dryweight.7.1.3.2 Grade SW: Cracking RequirementNo individualunit develops a crack that exceeds, in length, the units least
37、dimension.7.1.4 Low Weathering Index AlternativeIf the brick areintended for use exposed to weather where the weatheringindex is less than 50 (see Fig. 1), and unless otherwisespecified, the requirements given in Table 1 for 5-h boilingwater absorption and for saturation coefficient shall not apply,
38、but the minimum average compressive strength requirement of2500 psi (17.2 MPa) shall apply.NOTE 6The effect of weathering on brick is related to the weatheringindex, which for any locality is the product of the average annual numberof freezing cycle days and the average annual winter rainfall in inc
39、hes(millimetres), defined as follows.3A Freezing Cycle Day is any day during which the air temperaturepasses either above or below 32F (0C). The average number of freezingcycle days in a year may be taken to equal the difference between themean number of days during which the minimum temperature was
40、 32For below, and the mean number of days during which the maximumtemperature was 32F or below.Winter Rainfall is the sum, in inches (millimetres), of the mean monthlycorrected precipitation (rainfall) occurring during the period between andincluding the normal date of the first killing frost in the
41、 fall and the normaldate of the last killing frost in the spring. The winter rainfall for any periodis equal to the total precipitation less one tenth of the total fall of snow,sleet, and hail. Rainfall for a portion of a month is prorated.Fig. 1 indicates general areas of the United States that cor
42、respond to theweathering index categories listed. The index for geographic locationsnear the 50 line should be determined by analysis of weather bureau localclimatological summaries, with due regard to the effect of microclimaticconditions, especially altitude.3Data needed to determine the weatherin
43、g for any locality may be found orestimated from tables of Local Climatological DataAnnual Summary withComparative Data available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis-tration.Grade Recommendations for Face ExposuresExposureWeathering Index (Note 6)Lessthan 5050 andgreaterIn vertical sur
44、faces:In contact with earth SW orMWSWNot in contact with earth SW orMWSWIn other than vertical surfaces:In contact with earth SW SWNot in contact with earth SW orMWSWFIG. 1 Weathering Indices in the United StatesC216 17a3The recommended correlation between grade of facing brick, weather-ing index, a
45、nd exposure is found in Fig. 1. The specifier may use theserecommendations or use the grade descriptions and physical requirementsalong with use exposure and local climatological conditions to selectgrade.7.2 StrengthWhen brick are required having strengthsgreater than prescribed by this specificati
46、on, the purchaser shallspecify the desired minimum compressive strength.7.3 Initial Rate of Absorption (IRA)Test results for IRAshall be determined in accordance with the IRA (Suction)(Laboratory Test) of Test Methods C67 and shall be furnishedat the request of the specifier or purchaser. IRA is not
47、 aqualifying condition or property of units in this specification.This property is measured in order to assist in mortar selectionand material handling in the construction process. See Note 7.NOTE 7Initial Rate of Absorption (Suction)Both laboratory andfield investigation have shown that strong and
48、watertight joints betweenmortar and masonry units are not achieved by ordinary constructionmethods when the units as laid have excessive initial rates of absorption.Mortar that has stiffened somewhat because of excessive loss of mixingwater to a unit may not make complete and intimate contact with t
49、hesecond unit, resulting in poor adhesion, incomplete bond, and water-permeable joints of low strength. IRA of the units is determined by theoven-dried procedure described in the IRA (Suction) (Laboratory Test) ofTest Methods C67. IRAin the field depends on the moisture content of themasonry unit and is determined in accordance with the IRA (Suction)Field Test of Test Methods C67. Units having average field IRAexceeding30 g/min30 in.2(30 g/min194 cm2) should have their IRAreduced below30 g/min30 in.2prior to laying. They may be wetted im
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