1、Designation: C221 98 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Specification forCorrugated Asbestos-Cement Sheets1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C221; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers corrugated asbestos-cementsheet products and lists accessories used in conjunction withapplication. Corruga
3、ted asbestos-cement sheets are designedfor the following purposes:1.1.1 To provide weather-resistant surfaces of roofs, walls,and other elements of buildings and structures, and1.1.2 For decorative as well as functional uses in any areawhere a corrugated sheet may be advantageous.1.2 The values stat
4、ed in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other p
5、recautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysotile asbestos, refer to “Safe Use ofChrysotile: A Manual on Preventive and Control Measures.”21.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if
6、any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents of the issue in effect on dateof materia
7、l procurement form a part of this specification to theextent referenced herein:2.2 ASTM Standards:3C150 Specification for Portland CementC595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsD2946 Terminology for Asbestos and AsbestosCementProducts2.3 Federal Standard:4Fed. Std. No. 123 Marking for Domest
8、ic Shipment (CivilianAgencies)2.4 Military Standard:4MIL-STD-129 Marking for Shipment and Storage3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 densitymass per unit volume, expressed in g/cm3(orlb/ft3).3.1.2 flexural strengththe average breaking load in new-tons per metre of width (or lbf/ft of width) of dried
9、 specimensloaded as simple beams on a 762 mm (30 in.) span with theload applied equally and simultaneously at both one-thirdpoints of the span.3.1.2.1 DiscussionThe flexural performance is defined asthe moment capacity in N.m/m (or ft. lbf/ft) of width obtainedfrom the product of flexural strength a
10、nd span divided by 6.3.1.3 pitchthe distance from center point to center point ofadjacent crests of an asbestos-cement product of corrugated orgrooved cross-section.3.1.4 For additional definitions refer to Terminology D2946.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 water absorptionfo
11、r the purpose of thisspecification, the increase in mass of the test specimen isexpressed as a percentage of its dry mass after immersion inwater for 24 h.4. Classification4.1 The asbestos-cement corrugated sheets furnished underthis specification shall be manufactured to meet a minimumbending momen
12、t determined by loading equally and simulta-neously at both one-third points of the test span. The types ofasbestos-cement corrugated sheets manufactured are given inTable 1.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and is the direct respo
13、nsibility of SubcommitteeC17.03 on Asbestos - Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originallyapproved in 1949. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C221 98(2008). DOI:10.1520/C0221-98R14.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, htt
14、p:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from Standardization Documents Order Desk, DODSSP,
15、Bldg. 4,Section D, 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5098, http:/dodssp.daps.dla.mil.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Materials and Manufacture5.1 Corrugated asbestos-cement sheets, and accessoryshapes except
16、for filler strips, shall be composed of a mixtureof asbestos fiber and hydraulic cement, as specified in Speci-fications C150 and C595, with not more than 1 weight % oforganic fiber. The product may contain inert mineral pigments,mineral fillers, curing agents, and coatings, and shall be formedunder
17、 pressure and cured.6. Physical Requirements6.1 All measurements and tests necessary for determiningthe conformity of the asbestos-cement sheets with this speci-fication shall be made in accordance with the test methodscovered in Sections 10 to 14.6.2 Flexural StrengthFlexural strength is the breaki
18、ngload for the dried test specimens and is used to calculate thebending moment for conformance with 6.3.6.3 Moment Capacity (bending moment)The bending mo-ment of this product as calculated in accordance with 12.4 shallnot be less than as shown in 4.1.6.4 Water AbsorptionThe average water absorption
19、 of thedried test specimens from the lot being tested shall not exceed25.0 weight % for all types, when calculated in accordancewith 13.1.7. Dimensions, Weights, and Permissible Variations7.1 Length and WidthCorrugated sheets are produced innominal widths, lengths, and thicknesses, as specified by t
20、hemanufacturer. The permissible variation in length and widthshall be 614 in. (66 mm) for the specified dimensions.7.2 ThicknessThe thickness of a corrugated sheet may beexpressed as the overall thickness as measured between twoplanes contacting the crests of corrugations on opposite sidesof the she
21、et, or the cross-sectional thickness as determined in14.2.7.2.1 The permissible variation in thickness shall be6 0.1in. (62.54 mm) for overall thickness and 60.030 in. (60.76mm) for the cross-sectional thickness.7.3 PitchThe nominal pitch as designated by the manu-facturer is the linear distance bet
22、ween the mid-points ofadjacent crests of the corrugations. The permissible variationfor pitches on a single sheet or between sheets shall be63.00 % of the nominal pitch.NOTE 1The typical corrugated asbestos-cement sheets are producedwith a pitch of 107 mm (4.2 in.) and a width of 1.07 m (42 in.). Sh
23、eets areproduced in lengths up to 3.66 m (12 ft). Consult the manufacturer foravailability of products with other pitches.8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance8.1 WorkmanshipAll surfaces of the sheet shall be smoothor factory textured. The product shall be free of defects thatimpair erection, appea
24、rance, or serviceability. Ends and edgesof sheet shall be solid.8.2 ColorThe color shall be the natural color of theasbestos-cement product or as agreed upon between the pur-chaser and the seller.8.3 EfflorescenceEfflorescence that sometimes may ap-pear on asbestos-cement sheets should not result in
25、 a perma-nent change in color and has no critical effect on physicalproperties.9. Installation Accessories9.1 The following accessories are used in conjunction withthe corrugated products for installation, closing, and finishing.Details for the use and size of these accessories are availablefrom the
26、 manufacturer:9.1.1 Ridge rolls (half-round sections or two-piece adjust-able pitch).9.1.2 Battens.9.1.3 Corner angles or corner rolls.9.1.4 Louvre blades.9.1.5 Filler or closure strips.9.1.6 Fasteners (nonstaining corrosion-resistant metal).9.1.7 Plastic lap cement.9.1.8 Caulking compound.10. Sampl
27、ing10.1 From each shipment or fraction thereof, representing aproduct of the same kind, a sample shall be obtained consistingof a number of sheets selected at random. The following tableshows the number of sheets to be selected from shipments ofvarious sizes:Number of SheetsNumber of Sheets in to Be
28、 Selected asShipment Sample500 and under 35011000 51001 to 1728 617292744 727454096 840975832 958338000 10Additional sheets may be tested at the discretion of theinspector.11. Test Specimens11.1 Cut a test specimen 914 6 3mm(36618 in.) inlength. Full width sheets are used for the flexural strength t
29、est,however, for sinusoidal corrugated shapes, three completecorrugations are adequate for the width. Specimens cut threecorrugations in width are to be cut from the interior of the sheetin such a manner that no edge of the specimen shall be less thanone corrugation from the original edges of the sh
30、eet. The lengthTABLE 1 Flexural Strength RequirementsTypeA,B,CMinimum Bending MomentAverage of Test Specimens Individual SpecimensN.m/m (ftlbf/ft) N.m/m (ftlbf/ft)A 2697 (606) 2207 (497)B 3188 (717) 2697 (607)C 3677 (827) 3188 (717)D 6865 (1544) 5394 (1213)E 7355 (1653) 6129 (1378)ATypesAand B are a
31、vailable with a density of 1.40 g/cm3and a pitch of 101.6 mm.BTypes C and D are available with a density of 1.68 g/cm3and a pitch of 106.7 mm.CType E is available with a density of 1.4 g/cm3and a pitch of 177 mm.C221 98 (2014)2direction shall be parallel to the corrugations of the sheet. Donot test
32、cracked or otherwise damaged specimens, but providesupplemental specimens.12. Flexural Strength Test12.1 DefinitionFlexural strength is defined as the averagebreaking load, in newtons (or pounds-force) of dried testspecimens, loaded as simple beams, with the load applied byloading equally and simult
33、aneously at both one-third points ofthe span and tested by the method prescribed in 12.3.12.2 SignificanceFlexural strength is used to calculate thebending moment capacity for compliance with the require-ments of 4.1.12.3 ProcedureDry each specimen to constant weight in aventilated oven at a tempera
34、ture of 100 to 105C and cool toroom temperature in an enclosure designed to prevent moisturepickup. Record the dry weight of each cooled specimen.Determine the flexural strength of each specimen by placingthe specimen on supports that cannot exert longitudinal con-straint for example, rocker-type be
35、aring edges or rollers witha 3-mm (18-in.) minimum and 13-mm (12-in.) maximumradius and applying the load equally and simultaneously atboth one-third points of the span through similar edges, bearingagainst the finished surface of the specimen. The test span shallbe 762 6 1.5 mm (30 6116 in.) and th
36、e load line and supportsshall be parallel. Report the flexural strength as the averageload, in newtons (or pounds-force) for all the specimens tested,calculated to a width of1m(1ft).12.3.1 Loading Device AccuracyThe loading machinemay consist of any mechanically driven or hand-powereddevice that mee
37、ts the following requirements. It shall besubstantially built and rigid enough throughout so that thedistribution of load to the specimen will not be affectedappreciably by deformation or yielding of any part. It shallprovide for continuous application of load at a uniform rate tohave failure occur
38、in 1 to 2 min. It shall provide a means fordetermining the load with an error not greater than 2 % of thebreaking load.12.3.2 Break PointThe failure point or break in thespecimen shall occur within the middle third of the specimen.Any break beyond these limits indicates a defective specimenand the f
39、ormulation for calculating the moment capacity is notapplicable. Such a specimen shall not be included in the results.12.4 Moment CapacityCalculate the resisting or bendingmoment capacity of the specimen from the flexural strength permetre (or foot) of width as follows:M 5 PL/6where:M = bending mome
40、nt, Nm/m (or ftlbf/ft) of width,P = flexural strength, N/m (or lbf/ft) of width at failure, andL = span, m (or ft).13. Water Absorption Test13.1 ProcedureWeigh one broken portion of each dryspecimen used in the flexural strength test; then submerge fora minimum of 24 h in clean water at 15 to 27C. R
41、emove eachspecimen from the water, wipe with a damp cloth, and weighseparately on a balance with an accuracy of 0.5 %. Report thewater absorption as the average value for all specimens tested.Calculate the water absorption value for each specimen asfollows:Water absorption, mass % 5Ws2 Wd!/Wd#3100wh
42、ere:Ws= saturated mass, and WsWd= dry mass.14. Dimensional Measurements14.1 SignificanceThese are routine measurements to de-termine whether the length and width of the individual units areas ordered, to ensure that they fit together properly inapplication, and to determine the uniformity of the spe
43、cifiedthickness.14.2 ThicknessMeasure the thickness of each specimen atthe crest and vale and at the flank (midway between the crestand vale) with a micrometer having a ball anvil and ball spindleends approximately 3.2 to 6.4 mm (18 to14 in.) in diameter, oran anvil and spindle, each with a 30 taper
44、 and a 0.4-mm(164-in.) flat at its end. Place the anvil or spindle of theball-shaped or the tapered flat-end-shaped micrometers be-tween the projections on the back of the sheet so as to measurethe flat plane surface. The thickness of the crest and vale shallbe the average of four measurements, two
45、of which are on thecrest (one at each end) and two of which are in the vale (oneat each end). The thickness of the flask shall be the average offour measurements, two at each end of the test specimen.14.2.1 The thickness readings obtained on each specimenshall be compared to the thickness agreed on
46、between thepurchaser and seller to determine compliance with 7.2.15. Inspection15.1 Inspection and certification of the material shall be asagreed upon between the purchaser and manufacturer as part ofthe purchase contract.16. Rejection and Rehearing16.1 If the sample fails to conform to any one of
47、therequirements of this specification, a second sample from thesame lot shall be prepared and tested. The results of the retestshall be averaged with the results of the original test todetermine compliance with this specification.16.2 If any individual specimen fails to conform to arequirement of th
48、is specification, two additional specimensfrom the same portion of the lot shall be prepared and tested forthe property in question. The results of the retest shall beaveraged with that of the original specimen to determinecompliance with this specification.16.3 Failure to conform to any one of the
49、requirements ofthis specification, upon retest as prescribed in 16.1 and 16.2,shall constitute grounds for rejection. In case of rejection, theseller shall have the right to reinspect the rejected shipment andresubmit the lot after removal of the portion of the shipmentnot conforming to the specified requirements, provided this isdone within 20 days after receipt of notice of the specific causefor rejection.C221 98 (2014)317. Packaging and Shipping17.1 Commercial QuantitiesCorrugated a
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