ASTM C242-2012 Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products 《卫生陶瓷及其制品标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: C242 12Standard Terminology ofCeramic Whitewares and Related Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in par

2、entheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology pertains to the terminology used inceramic whitewares and related products.1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries ar

3、enot included. Included are words that are peculiar to thisindustry. Double words, hyphenated words, or phrases arelisted alphabetically under the first word; additional importantwords are cross-referenced.1.3 For definitions of terms relating to surface imperfec-tions on ceramics, refer to Terminol

4、ogy E109.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterE109 Method for Dry Powder Magnetic Particle Inspection3E180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTMMethods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Spe-cialty Chemicals3F465 Recommended Practice for Deve

5、loping Precision andAccuracy Data on ASTM Method for the Analysis of Meatand Meat Products32.2 British Standard:4BS 2955 Glossary of Terms Relating to Powders3. Terminologyabsolute or true densitySee absolute or true density underdensity.absorbancethe logarithm of that fraction of an incident lightb

6、eam that is dissipated in the sample, being neither trans-mitted nor reflected.absorbed moisturewater held mechanically in the materialand having physical properties not substantially differentfrom ordinary water at the same temperature and pressure.absorption(1) the relationship of the weight of th

7、e waterabsorbed by a ceramic specimen, subjected to prescribedimmersion procedure, to the weight of the dry specimen.(2) the capacity of a substance to take up a substance,usually a liquid or gas, with the formation of an apparentlyhomogeneous mixture.adsorptionthe capacity of a substance to accept

8、and retainon its surface a layer of another substance, usually a gas ora liquid.agglomeratea jumbled mass or collection of two or moreparticles or aggregates, or a combination thereof, heldtogether by relatively weak cohesive forces caused by weakchemical bonding or an electrostatic surface charge g

9、ener-ated by handling or processing.DISCUSSIONCommon usage in powder technology (and BritishStandard BS 2955) has the terms “aggregate” and “agglomerate”interchanged in meaning from the definitions presented here, and caremust be taken to determine in context which definition is in use.aggregatea de

10、nse mass of particles held together by strongintermolecular or atomic cohesive forces that is stable tonormal mixing techniques, including high-speed stirring andultrasonics.alumina porcelainSee alumina porcelain under porcelain.alumina whitewareSee alumina whiteware under ceramicwhiteware.andalusit

11、ea polymorph, along with sillimanite and kyanite,of composition Al2O3SiO2which on firing dissociates toyield principally mullite.apparent or pycnometric densitySee apparent or pycnomet-ric density under density.apparent porositySee apparent porosity under porosity.average particle sizea single value

12、 representing the entireparticle-size distribution.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 onCeramic Whitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee C21.01 on Editorial and Teminology.Current edition approved May 1, 2012. Published May 2012.

13、Originallyapproved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C242 01 (2007).DOI: 10.1520/C0242-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the stand

14、ards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referencedon www.astm.org.4Available from British Standards Institute, 2 Park St., London, EnglandW1A 2B5.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshoh

15、ocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.DISCUSSIONIt is essential to specify the basis under which theaverage is obtained.ball claya secondary clay, commonly characterized by thepresence of organic matter, high plasticity, high dry strength,long vitrification range, and a light color when fired.ball mil

16、linga method of grinding and mixing material, withor without liquid, in a rotating cylinder or conical millpartially filled with grinding media such as balls or pebbles.basalt warea black unglazed vitreous ceramic ware havingthe appearance of basalt rock.Belleek chinaa highly translucent whiteware c

17、omposed of abody containing a significant amount of frit and normallyhaving a luster glaze.bentonitea distinct type of fine-grained clay containing notless than 85 % montmorillionite clay having the formula(OH)4Si8Al4O20nH2O and composed of units made up oftwo silica tetrahedral sheets with a centra

18、l alumina octahe-dral sheet.beryllium oxide (beryllia) (BeO)an inorganic material ofexceptionally high thermal conductivity which is toxic in thepowder form.biasa constant or systematic error, as opposed to a randomerror, manifesting itself as a persistent positive or negativedeviation of the method

19、 average from the accepted referencevalue. E180; F465bindera cementing medium; either a material added to themixture to increase the green or dry strength as compacted,and which may be expelled during sintering or calcining, ora material added to a mixture for the purpose of cementingtogether partic

20、les.DISCUSSIONA binder may be either a permanent addition, or atemporary additive to a ceramic product.bisque fireSee bisque fire under firing.blackbodythe ideal, perfect emitter and absorber of thermalradiation which emits radiant energy at the maximum ratepossible, as a consequence of its temperat

21、ure, and absorbs allincident radiation.blisteringthe development during firing of enclosed orbroken macroscopic vesicles or bubbles in a body, or in aglaze or other coating.bloatingsubstantial swelling produced by a heat treatmentthat causes the formation of a vesicular structure.blungingthe wet pro

22、cess of blending, or suspending ceramicmaterial in liquid by agitation.bodythe structural portion of a ceramic article, or thematerial or mixture from which it is made.bone ashcalcined bone consisting essentially of calciumphosphate.bone chinaa translucent china made from a ceramic white-ware body c

23、omposition containing a minimum of 25 % boneash.bright glazeSee bright glaze under glaze.calcinea ceramic material or mixture fired to less than fusionfor use as a constituent in a ceramic composition.capillary actionthe phenomenon of intrusion of a liquid intointerconnected small voids, pores, and

24、channels in a solid,resulting from surface tension.cassiterite (SnO2)an inorganic mineral of the tetragonalform used as a source of tin and tin oxide.castinga process for forming ceramic ware by introducing abody slip into a porous mold which absorbs sufficient water(or other liquid) from the slip t

25、o produce a semirigid article.drain casting (hollow casting)forming ceramic ware byintroducing a body slip into an open porous mold, and thendraining off the remaining slip when the case has reached thedesired thickness.solid castingforming ceramic ware by introducing a bodyslip into a porous mold w

26、hich usually consists of two majorsections, one section forming the contour of the outside andthe other forming the contour of the inside of the ware andallowing a solid cast to form between the two mold faces.ceramic articlean article having a glazed or unglazed bodyof crystalline or partly crystal

27、line structure, or of glass,which body is produced from essentially inorganic, nonme-tallic substances and either is formed from a molten masswhich solidifies on cooling, or is formed and simultaneouslyor subsequently matured by the action of the heat.ceramic mosaic tilean unglazed tile formed by ei

28、ther thedust-pressed or plastic method, usually14 to38 in. (6.4 to 9.5mm) thick, and having a facial area of less than 6 in.2(39cm2) and which is usually mounted on sheets approximately1 by 2 ft (0.3 by 0.6 m) to facilitate setting.DISCUSSIONCeramic mosaic tile may be of either porcelain ornatural c

29、lay composition and may be either plain or with an abrasivemixture throughout.ceramic pastea French term synonymous with “ceramicbody.”ceramic processthe production of articles or coatings fromessentially inorganic, nonmetallic materials, the article orcoating being made permanent and suitable for u

30、tilitarianand decorative purposes by the action of heat at temperaturessufficient to cause sintering, solid-state reactions, bonding,or conversion partially or wholly to the glassy state.ceramicsa general term applied to the art or technique ofproducing articles by a ceramic process, or to the artic

31、les soproduced.ceramic whitewarea fired ware consisting of a glazed orunglazed ceramic body which is commonly white and of finetexture, designating such product classifications as tile,china, porcelain, semivitreous ware and earthenware.alumina whiteware any ceramic whiteware in whichalumina (Al2O3)

32、 is an essential crystalline phase.cordierite whitewareany ceramic whiteware in whichcordierite (2MgO2Al2O35SiO2) is the essential crystallinephase.forsterite whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which for-sterite (2MgOSiO2) is the essential crystalline phase.steatite whitewareany ceramic whiteware in

33、which mag-nesium metasilicate (MgOSiO2) is the essential crystallinephase.titania whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which titania(TiO2) is the essential crystalline phase.zircon whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which zircon(ZrO2SiO2) is the essential crystalline phase.C242 122chemical porcelainSee

34、chemical porcelain under porcelain.chinaa glazed or unglazed vitreous ceramic whiteware madeby the china process and used for nontechnical purposes,designating such products as dinnerware, sanitary ware, andartware when they are vitreous. (See also bone china.)china claySee kaolin.china processthe m

35、ethod of producing glazed ware bywhich the ceramic body is fired to maturity, following whichthe glaze is applied and matured by firing at a lowertemperature.china sanitary ware (sanitary plumbing fixtures)glazed,vitrified whiteware fixtures having a sanitary service func-tion.claya natural mineral

36、agglomerate, consisting essentially ofhydrous aluminum silicates; plastic when sufficiently wetted,rigid when dried en masse, and vitrified when fired to asufficiently high temperature.clear glazeSee clear glaze under glaze.closed porositySee closed porosity under porosity.coefficient of frictionthe

37、 ratio of the parallel component offorce required to overcome or have a tendancy to overcomethe resistance to relative motion of two surfaces in physicalcontact one with another, but otherwise unconstrained, to thenormal component of the forceusually the force as a resultof gravityapplied through th

38、e object which tends to causethe friction.color difference(1) the magnitude and character of thedifference between two colors, described by such terms asredder, bluer, lighter, darker, grayer, or cleaner. (2) themagnitude and direction of the difference between a sampleand a standard, computed from

39、tristimulus values, or chro-maticity coordinates and luminance factor, by means of aspecified set of color difference equations.color spacea three dimensional arrangement for represent-ing all possible colors; for example, in the color spacedefined by the color scales L, a, and b used to describe th

40、ecolor of opaque specimens, scale L is a measure of lightness,a is a measure of redness (plus) or greenness (minus), and bis a measure of yellowness (plus) or blueness (minus).color standarda plaque or other physical standard of estab-lished color value, against which standardization of aninstrument

41、 is made.DISCUSSIONIt may be a reference standard at a calibration labora-tory, a transfer standard used to calibrate a particular instrument, or aworking standard for routine minutionthe act or process of reduction of particle sizewith attendant increase in surface area and population ofparticles,

42、usually but not necessarily by grinding, milling, orpulverizing.conductive ceramic tiletile made from special body com-positions or by methods that result in specific properties ofelectrical conductivity while retaining other normal physicalproperties of ceramic tile.connected porositySee connected

43、porosity under porosity.cordierite porcelainSee cordierite porcelain under porce-lain.cordierite whitewareSee cordierite whiteware under ce-ramic whiteware.corunduma naturally occurring hexagonal mineral of thecompositionAl2O3, which can also be prepared syntheticallyto high purity; noted for its ha

44、rdness (9 on Mohs scale) andrefractoriness (M.P. = 2045C).DISCUSSIONIt forms the gem varieties ruby and sapphire withappropriate impurities. It may contain associated minerals such asdiaspore or various silicates, or both. Commonly coarsely crystalline,sometimes microcrystalline.covering powerthe ab

45、ility of a glaze to cover the surface ofthe fired ware uniformly and completely.crawlinga parting and contraction of the glaze on the surfaceof ceramic ware during drying or firing, resulting in un-glazed areas bordered by coalesced glaze.crazingthe cracking that occurs in fired glazes or otherceram

46、ic coatings as a result of tensile stresses. May alsooccur in the surface portion of uncoated (unglazed) white-ware bodies.crystalline glazeSee crystalline glaze under glaze.deagglomerationthe process of breaking down, usually byphysical means, the masses of particles that are held togetherby relati

47、vely weak cohesive forces resulting in a final systemof aggregates or primary particles, or both.deairingthe process of removing entrapped air, or absorbedair from a mass or slurry, usually by application of a vacuum.decoratedadorned, embellished, or made more attractive bymeans of color or surface

48、detail.decorating fireSee decorating fire under firing.decoration:inglaze decorationa ceramic decoration applied on thesurface of an unfired glaze and matured with the glaze.overglaze decorationa ceramic or metallic decorationapplied and fired on the previously glazed surface of ceramicware.polychro

49、me decorationa multicolor decoration.underglaze decorationa ceramic decoration applied di-rectly on the surface of ceramic ware and subsequentlycovered with a transparent glaze.deflocculateto separate agglomerates in a slurry by chemicaland physical means to achieve and maintain particle-to-particle separation.DISCUSSIONA surface-active wetting agent (cationic, anionic, ornonionic type) to coat the particle surface with like ionic charges toinduce repulsion of the surfaces is usua