1、Designation: C242 15C242 18Standard Terminology ofCeramic Whitewares and Related Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number
2、 in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology pertains to the terminology used in ceramic whitewares and related products.1.2 Words adequately defined in standard diction
3、aries are not included. Included are words that are peculiar to this industry.Double words, hyphenated words, or phrases are listed alphabetically under the first word; additional important words arecross-referenced.1.3 For definitions of terms relating to surface imperfections on ceramics, refer to
4、 Terminology F109.1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Techni
5、cal Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1129 Terminology Relating to WaterE180 Practice for Determining the Precision of ASTM Methods for Analysis and Testing of Industrial and Specialty Chemicals(Withdrawn 2009)3F109 Terminology Relating to Surface Imperfec
6、tions on CeramicsF465 Practice for Developing Precision and Accuracy Data on ASTM Method for the Analysis of Meat and Meat Products(Withdrawn 1993)32.2 British Standard:4BS 2955 Glossary of Terms Relating to Powders3. Terminologyabsolute or true densitySee absolute or true density under density.abso
7、rbancethe logarithm of that fraction of an incident light beam that is dissipated in the sample, being neither transmitted norreflected.absorbed moisturewater held mechanically in the material and having physical properties not substantially different fromordinary water at the same temperature and p
8、ressure.absorption(1) the relationship of the weight of the water absorbed by a ceramic specimen, subjected to prescribed immersionprocedure, to the weight of the dry specimen.(2) the capacity of a substance to take up a substance, usually a liquid or gas, with the formation of an apparentlyhomogene
9、ous mixture.adsorptionthe capacity of a substance to accept and retain on its surface a layer of another substance, usually a gas or a liquid.1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C2
10、1.01on Editorial and Terminology.Current edition approved March 1, 2015Feb. 1, 2018. Published March 2015February 2015. Originally approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 20142015as C242 14.C242 15. DOI: 10.1520/C0242-15.10.1520/C0242-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM webs
11、ite, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from British
12、Standards Institute, 2 Park St., London, England W1A 2B5.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes
13、 accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Unite
14、d States1agglomeratea jumbled mass or collection of two or more particles or aggregates, or a combination thereof, held together byrelatively weak cohesive forces caused by weak chemical bonding or an electrostatic surface charge generated by handling orprocessing.DISCUSSIONCommon usage in powder te
15、chnology (and British Standard BS 2955) has the terms “aggregate” and “agglomerate” interchanged in meaning from thedefinitions presented here, and care must be taken to determine in context which definition is in use.aggregatea dense mass of particles held together by strong intermolecular or atomi
16、c cohesive forces that is stable to normalmixing techniques, including high-speed stirring and ultrasonics.alumina porcelainSee alumina porcelain under porcelain.alumina whitewareSee alumina whiteware under ceramic whiteware.andalusitea polymorph, along with sillimanite and kyanite, of composition A
17、l2O3SiO2 which on firing dissociates to yieldprincipally mullite.apparent or pycnometric densitySee apparent or pycnometric density under density.apparent porositySee apparent porosity under porosity.average particle sizea single value representing the entire particle-size distribution.DISCUSSIONIt
18、is essential to specify the basis under which the average is obtained.ball claya secondary clay, commonly characterized by the presence of organic matter, high plasticity, high dry strength, longvitrification range, and a light color when fired.ball millinga method of grinding and mixing material, w
19、ith or without liquid, in a rotating cylinder or conical mill partially filledwith grinding media such as balls or pebbles.basalt warea black unglazed vitreous ceramic ware having the appearance of basalt rock.Belleek chinaa highly translucent whiteware composed of a body containing a significant am
20、ount of frit and normally havinga luster glaze.bentonitea distinct type of fine-grained clay containing not less than 85 % montmorillionite clay having the formula(OH)4Si8Al4O20nH2O and composed of units made up of two silica tetrahedral sheets with a central alumina octahedral sheet.beryllium oxide
21、 (beryllia) (BeO)an inorganic material of exceptionally high thermal conductivity which is toxic in the powderform.biasa constant or systematic error, as opposed to a random error, manifesting itself as a persistent positive or negative deviationof the method average from the accepted reference valu
22、e. E180; F465bindera cementing medium; either a material added to the mixture to increase the green or dry strength as compacted, and whichmay be expelled during sintering or calcining, or a material added to a mixture for the purpose of cementing together particles.DISCUSSIONA binder may be either
23、a permanent addition, or a temporary additive to a ceramic product.bisque fireSee bisque fire under firing.blackbodythe ideal, perfect emitter and absorber of thermal radiation which emits radiant energy at the maximum rate possible,as a consequence of its temperature, and absorbs all incident radia
24、tion.blisteringthe development during firing of enclosed or broken macroscopic vesicles or bubbles in a body, or in a glaze or othercoating.bloatingsubstantial swelling produced by a heat treatment that causes the formation of a vesicular structure.blungingthe wet process of blending, or suspending
25、ceramic material in liquid by agitation.bodythe structural portion of a ceramic article, or the material or mixture from which it is made.bone ashcalcined bone consisting essentially of calcium phosphate.C242 182bone chinaa translucent china made from a ceramic whiteware body composition containing
26、a minimum of 25 % bone ash.bright glazeSee bright glaze under glaze.calcinea ceramic material or mixture fired to less than fusion for use as a constituent in a ceramic composition.capillary actionthe phenomenon of intrusion of a liquid into interconnected small voids, pores, and channels in a solid
27、, resultingfrom surface tension.cassiterite (SnO2)an inorganic mineral of the tetragonal form used as a source of tin and tin oxide.castinga process for forming ceramic ware by introducing a body slip into a porous mold which absorbs sufficient water (or otherliquid) from the slip to produce a semir
28、igid article.drain casting (hollow casting)forming ceramic ware by introducing a body slip into an open porous mold, and then drainingoff the remaining slip when the case has reached the desired thickness.solid castingforming ceramic ware by introducing a body slip into a porous mold which usually c
29、onsists of two major sections,one section forming the contour of the outside and the other forming the contour of the inside of the ware and allowing a solidcast to form between the two mold faces.ceramic articlean article having a glazed or unglazed body of crystalline or partly crystalline structu
30、re, or of glass, which bodyis produced from essentially inorganic, nonmetallic substances and either is formed from a molten mass which solidifies oncooling, or is formed and simultaneously or subsequently matured by the action of the heat.ceramic mosaic tilean unglazed tile formed by either the dus
31、t-pressed or plastic method, usually 14 to 38 in. (6.4 to 9.5 mm)thick, and having a facial area of less than 6 in.2 (39 cm2) and which is usually mounted on sheets approximately 1 by 2 ft (0.3by 0.6 m) to facilitate setting.DISCUSSIONCeramic mosaic tile may be of either porcelain or natural clay co
32、mposition and may be either plain or with an abrasive mixture throughout.ceramic pastea French term synonymous with “ceramic body.”ceramic processthe production of articles or coatings from essentially inorganic, nonmetallic materials, the article or coatingbeing made permanent and suitable for util
33、itarian and decorative purposes by the action of heat at temperatures sufficient tocause sintering, solid-state reactions, bonding, or conversion partially or wholly to the glassy state.ceramicsa general term applied to the art or technique of producing articles by a ceramic process, or to the artic
34、les so produced.ceramic whitewarea fired ware consisting of a glazed or unglazed ceramic body which is commonly white and of fine texture,designating such product classifications as tile, china, porcelain, semivitreous ware and earthenware.alumina whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which alumina (Al2
35、O3) is an essential crystalline phase.cordierite whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which cordierite (2MgO2Al2O35SiO2) is the essential crystalline phase.forsterite whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which forsterite (2MgOSiO2) is the essential crystalline phase.steatite whitewareany ceramic whiteware
36、 in which magnesium metasilicate (MgOSiO2) is the essential crystalline phase.titania whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which titania (TiO2) is the essential crystalline phase.zircon whitewareany ceramic whiteware in which zircon (ZrO2SiO2) is the essential crystalline phase.chemical porcelainSee ch
37、emical porcelain under porcelain.chinaa glazed or unglazed vitreous ceramic whiteware made by the china process and used for nontechnical purposes,designating such products as dinnerware, sanitary ware, and artware when they are vitreous. (See also bone china.)china claySee kaolin.china processthe m
38、ethod of producing glazed ware by which the ceramic body is fired to maturity, following which the glazeis applied and matured by firing at a lower temperature.china sanitary ware (sanitary plumbing fixtures)glazed, vitrified whiteware fixtures having a sanitary service function.chippingthe breaking
39、 off of a chip or flake from a ceramic body due primarily to the application of an external force.claya natural mineral agglomerate, consisting essentially of hydrous aluminum silicates; plastic when sufficiently wetted, rigidwhen dried en masse, and vitrified when fired to a sufficiently high tempe
40、rature.clear glazeSee clear glaze under glaze.closed porositySee closed porosity under porosity.C242 183coefficient of frictionthe ratio of the parallel component of force required to overcome or have a tendancy to overcome theresistance to relative motion of two surfaces in physical contact one wit
41、h another, but otherwise unconstrained, to the normalcomponent of the forceusually the force as a result of gravityapplied through the object which tends to cause the friction.color difference(1) the magnitude and character of the difference between two colors, described by such terms as redder, blu
42、er,lighter, darker, grayer, or cleaner. (2) the magnitude and direction of the difference between a sample and a standard, computedfrom tristimulus values, or chromaticity coordinates and luminance factor, by means of a specified set of color differenceequations.color spacea three dimensional arrang
43、ement for representing all possible colors; for example, in the color space defined by thecolor scales L, a, and b used to describe the color of opaque specimens, scale L is a measure of lightness, a is a measure ofredness (plus) or greenness (minus), and b is a measure of yellowness (plus) or bluen
44、ess (minus).color standarda plaque or other physical standard of established color value, against which standardization of an instrumentis made.DISCUSSIONIt may be a reference standard at a calibration laboratory, a transfer standard used to calibrate a particular instrument, or a working standard f
45、or minutionthe act or process of reduction of particle size with attendant increase in surface area and population of particles,usually but not necessarily by grinding, milling, or pulverizing.conductive ceramic tiletile made from special body compositions or by methods that result in specific prope
46、rties of electricalconductivity while retaining other normal physical properties of ceramic tile.connected porositySee connected porosity under porosity.cordierite porcelainSee cordierite porcelain under porcelain.cordierite whitewareSee cordierite whiteware under ceramic whiteware.corunduma natural
47、ly occurring hexagonal mineral of the composition Al2O3, which can also be prepared synthetically to highpurity; noted for its hardness (9 on Mohs scale) and refractoriness (M.P. = 2045C).DISCUSSIONIt forms the gem varieties ruby and sapphire with appropriate impurities. It may contain associated mi
48、nerals such as diaspore or various silicates, orboth. Commonly coarsely crystalline, sometimes microcrystalline.covering powerthe ability of a glaze to cover the surface of the fired ware uniformly and completely.crawlinga parting and contraction of the glaze on the surface of ceramic ware during dr
49、ying or firing, resulting in unglazed areasbordered by coalesced glaze.crazingthe cracking that occurs in fired glazes or other ceramic coatings as a result of tensile stresses. May also occur in thesurface portion of uncoated (unglazed) whiteware bodies.crystalline glazeSee crystalline glaze under glaze.deagglomerationthe process of breaking down, usually by physical means, the masses of particles that are held together byrelatively weak cohesive forces resulting in a final
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