1、Designation: C288 87 (Reapproved 2014)Standard Test Method forDisintegration of Refractories in an Atmosphere of CarbonMonoxide1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C288; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the comparative behavior ofrefractories under the disintegrating action of carb
3、on monoxi-de(CO). The test method is an accelerated exposure to CO todetermine potential material behavior in a relatively short time.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for
4、 information onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of re
5、gulatory limitations prior to use.2. Significance and Use2.1 This test method is used to determine the relativeresistance of various refractories to disintegration caused byexposure to a CO atmosphere. The results obtained by thismethod can be used to select refractories that are resistant toCO disi
6、ntegration.2.2 This test method is suitable for research and develop-ment and for establishing CO disintegration criteria for speci-fication acceptance.2.3 The disintegration of test specimens is accelerated byproviding a higher concentration of CO than anticipated inmost service environments. The e
7、ffects on the test specimensmay be different than those found for refractories in actualservice conditions.3. Apparatus3.1 Heated Chamber The chamber shall be gastight andof a suitable size, made of stainless steel, brass, aluminum, orunoxidized Monel metal. A suggested size is 18 in. (460 mm)in dia
8、meter and 36 in. (914 mm) long. The unit may be heatedby resistance wire or other means, provided that at thetemperature of operation the difference in temperature betweenany two points within the chamber shall not be greater than20F (11C). The chamber may be provided with a thermo-couple well and s
9、hall have a gas inlet and outlet, with aprovision for gas sampling at the outlet.3.2 Temperature-Control Instrument The temperature ofthe test chamber shall be controlled and recorded by a suitableinstrument having the required accuracy.3.3 Atmosphere ControlThe CO shall be supplied from atank, or o
10、f the gas, or manufactured by the conversion ofcarbon dioxide(CO2). The pressure from a tank supply(Caution, see Note 1) shall be reduced by a regulator made forthat purpose, and the flow of gas adjusted by means of asensitive needle or regulating valve. A flowmeter shall be usedin the line as an ai
11、d for regulating the flow. When CO is usedfrom a tank, iron carbonyl is present in the gas and may causeclogging of the inlet tube, in which case the carbonyl may beremoved before the gas enters the chamber. A soda-asbestos(the Ascarite) tower in the inlet line will remove the carbonyl,but this shou
12、ld be preceded by a drying tower to preventmoisture from getting into the soda-asbestos.NOTE 1Caution: As a precaution against the possibility of tankexplosions, the tanks should be stored and used outdoors or in a separatebuilding designed to reduce the explosion hazard.3.4 Furnace Pressure Control
13、The unit shall be equippedwith a bubbling bottle or a sensitive gage to control thepressure of the exhaust gas. A positive pressure shall bemaintained throughout the test.3.5 Gas Analyzer Any conventional gas analyzer can beused to periodically determine the CO content of the exhaustgas.4. Test Spec
14、imens4.1 Ten specimens shall constitute a specimen set.4.2 The specimens shall be 9 in. (228 mm) long and 2 or3 in. (64 or 76 mm) square in cross section. Only one specimenshall be cut from a shape so that as many original surfaces aspossible remain intact. The specimen shall be cut lengthwisefrom t
15、he original shape.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C08.04 on ChemicalBehaviors.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014. Published November 2014. Originallyapproved in 1952. Last previous edition approved
16、in 2009 as C288 87 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/C0288-87R14.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States15. Unfired Samples5.1 Unfired refractories shall be prepared for testing byfiring for 5 h under oxidizing conditions at one of the foll
17、owingtemperatures:5.1.1 1000F (540C), to remove combined water.5.1.2 2000F (1095C), to remove combined water andcompounds that inhibit the deposition of carbon.6. Procedure6.1 Bring the heating chamber containing the dried speci-mens to an operating temperature of 925 to 940F (495 to505C) in a nitro
18、gen atmosphere. After the specimens haveattained test temperature, change the atmosphere of the cham-ber so that it shall contain at least 95 % (CO).NOTE 2This may be done in one of the following ways: A vacuumpump may be used to evacuate the nitrogen from the chamber to a pressureof about 100 mm Hg
19、. Then introduce the CO, and repeat the evacuationprocess three times. Time the test from the last evacuation. A secondmethod consists of flushing the nitrogen from the system with a fast flowof CO.NOTE 3Carbon Dioxide AbsorbentA sufficient quantity of burnedlime or calcium oxide (CaO) may be placed
20、 in the furnace or in thecirculating system of the CO to absorb the CO2as it is produced. Acommercial CO2absorbent can be used outside the test chamber for theabsorption of CO2from the circulating gas. This granular material,probably calcium hydroxide, is very efficient, but does have the advantageo
21、f giving water vapor, which must be taken out of the circulating gas witha calcium chloride tower. (Five pounds (2.3 kg) of CaO theoretically willabsorb the CO2from a gas mixture containing 1 % CO2, flowing at therate of ft3(14.2 dm3)/h for 7000 h.)6.2 Regulate the CO to a flow of not less than 2 in
22、.3/hin.3(32.8 cm3/h16.4 cm3) of specimen volume. Analyzethe chamber atmosphere at least twice a day and maintain theCO content of the exit gas above 95 %. If a recirculatingsystem is used, the CO flow may be greater.6.3 Inspect the specimens at the end of each selected timeperiod. Before each inspec
23、tion, pass a fast flow of nitrogenthrough the furnace to flush out the CO, and then maintain aslow flow of nitrogen during cooling. If half the specimens inany set of ten show complete disintegration at the end of anytest period, consider the test for that specimen set complete.7. Report7.1 Report a
24、ny prefiring temperature of the specimens andthe condition of each specimen at each inspection by photo-graphing the most affected face(s), and by describing the extentof any spotting and the degree of disintegration, according tothe following classifications (see Fig. 1).7.1.1 Unaffected, when no p
25、articles spall and no crackingoccurs.7.1.2 AffectedSurface Popouts , when destructive action isconfined to spalls or surface popouts of in. (13 mm) or lessin diameter.7.1.3 AffectedCracked, when destructive action producesspalls or popouts greater than in. (13 mm) in diameter, orcracking, or both.7.
26、1.4 Destructive Condition, when the specimen breaks intotwo or more pieces, or when hand pressure can cause breaking.NOTE 4Spalls or popouts that have not separated from the specimenare to be considered as if separation had occurred.8. Precision and Bias8.1 PrecisionNo justifiable statement of preci
27、sion is pos-sible since the results of the test are word descriptions ratherthan numerical values.8.2 BiasNo justifiable statement of accuracy is possiblesince a true value of refractory disintegration by carbonmonoxide cannot be established by an accepted referencesample.9. Keywords9.1 carbon monox
28、ide; CO atmosphere; disintegration; re-fractoriesC288 87 (2014)2ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any suc
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31、fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this
32、standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 1 Guide to Degrees of DisintegrationC288 87 (2014)3
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