1、Designation: C 289 03Standard Test Method forPotential Alkali-Silica Reactivity of Aggregates (ChemicalMethod)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 289; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of l
2、ast revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers chemical det
3、ermination of thepotential reactivity of an aggregate with alkalies in portland-cement concrete as indicated by the amount of reaction during24 h at 80C between 1 N sodium hydroxide solution andaggregate that has been crushed and sieved to pass a 300-msieve and be retained on a 150-m sieve.1.2 The v
4、alues stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility
5、 of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific precau-tionary statement is given in 5.7.1.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:C 114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCement2C 227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity ofCement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)3C
6、 295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregatesfor Concrete3C 702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate toTesting Size3C 1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices forDetermining Mass and Volume for Use in the PhysicalTesting of Hydraulic Cements2C 1260 Test Method for Potential
7、Alkali Reactivity ofAggregates (Mortar-Bar Method)3C 1293 Test Method for Determination of Length Changeof Concrete Due to Alkali-Silica Reaction3D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates4D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water5D 1248 Specification for Polyethylene Plastics ExtrusionMaterials for Wire an
8、d Cable6E 11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposes7E 60 Practice for Analysis of Metals, Ores, and RelatedMaterials by Molecular Absorption Spectrometry82.2 American Chemical Society Documents:Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifica-tionsNOTE 1For suggestions on
9、the testing of reagents not listed by theAmerican Chemical Society, see “Reagent Chemicals and Standards,” byJoseph Rosin, D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., New York, NY, and the “UnitedStates Pharmacopeia.”3. Significance and Use3.1 When this test method is used to evaluate the potentialreactivity of sili
10、ceous components in the aggregate withalkalies in hydraulic-cement concrete, it must be used incombination with other methods. Do not use the results of testsby this test method as the sole basis for acceptance or rejectionfor sources with regard to ASR.3.2 Reactions between a sodium hydroxide solut
11、ion andsiliceous components in the aggregate have been shown tocorrelate with the performance of some aggregates in concretestructures. The results from this test method can be obtainedquickly, and, while not completely reliable in all cases, theycan provide useful data.3.3 This test method can be e
12、mployed as a quality controltool to periodically check samples from an existing source withan acceptable service history.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.26 on Chemical Reactions o
13、f Materials.Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2003. Published October 2003. Originallyapproved in 1952. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 289 02.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.5Annual Book of AST
14、M Standards, Vol 11.01.6Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 08.01.7Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.8Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.05.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken,
15、 PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Apparatus4.1 ScalesThe scales and weights used for weighingmaterials shall conform to the requirements prescribed inSpecification C 1005.4.2 BalancesThe analytical balance and weights used fordetermining dissolved silica by the gravimetric method shallconform to the
16、requirements prescribed in Test Methods C 114.4.3 Crushing and Grinding EquipmentA small jawcrusher and disk pulverizer or other suitable equipment capableof crushing and grinding aggregate to pass a 300-m sieve.4.4 Sieves:4.4.1 300-m and 150-m square-hole, woven wire-clothsieves conforming to Speci
17、fication E 11.4.4.2 A 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve.4.5 ContainersReaction containers of 50 to 75-mL capac-ity, made of corrosion-resistant steel or other corrosion-resistant material, and fitted with airtight covers. A containerthat has been found suitable is shown in Fig. 1. Othercontainers, made of corro
18、sion-resistant material such as poly-ethylene, may be suitable. Such suitability can be demonstratedby a change in the alkalinity of the sodium hydroxide solution(Rc, Section on Reduction in Alkalinity) when used alone as ablank in the container in question, of less than 10 mmol/L.4.6 Constant-Tempe
19、rature BathA liquid bath capable ofmaintaining a temperature of 80 6 1C for 24 h.NOTE 1All dimensions are in mm.FIG. 1 Reaction ContainerC2890324.7 Spectrophotometer or PhotometerA spectrophotom-eter or photoelectric photometer capable of measuring thetransmission of light at a constant wavelength o
20、f approximately410 nm (see Practice E 60).4.8 GlasswareAll glass apparatus and vessels should becarefully selected to meet the particular requirements for eachoperation. Standard volumetric flasks, burets, and pipets shouldbe of precision grade.5. Reagents5.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent grade chemical
21、s shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, all reagents shallconform to the specifications of the Committee on AnalyticalReagents of the American Chemical Society, where suchspecifications are available. Other grades may be used, pro-vided it is first ascertained that the reagent is of
22、 sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.5.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water shall be understood to mean reagent water conformingto Type IV of Specification D 1193.5.3 Ammonium Molybdate SolutionDissolve 10 g of am-mo
23、nium molybdate (NH4)6Mo7O244H2O) in 100 mL ofwater. If the solution is not clear, filter through a fine-texturepaper. Store the solution in a polyethylene container (see Note2).5.4 Hydrochloric Acid (1.19 kg/L)Concentrated hydro-chloric acid (HCl). Store the solution in a chemically resistantglass o
24、r suitable plastic container (see Note 2).5.5 Hydrochloric Acid, Standard (0.05 N)Prepare ap-proximately 0.05 N HCl and standardize to 60.0001 N. Storethe solution in a chemically resistant glass or suitable plasticcontainer (see Note 2).5.6 Hydrochloric Acid (1 + 1)Mix equal volumes of con-centrate
25、d HCl (1.19 kg/L) and water. Store the solution in achemically resistant glass or suitable plastic container (seeNote 2).5.7 Hydrofluoric Acid (approximately 50 % HF)Concentrated hydrofluoric acid. Store in a polyethylene bottle(see Note 2).5.7.1 WarningBefore using HF, review (1) the safetyprecauti
26、ons for using HF, (2) first aid for burns, and (3) theemergency response to spills, as described in the manufactur-ers Material Safety Data Sheet or other reliable safety litera-ture. HF can cause very severe burns and injury to unprotectedskin and eyes. Suitable personal protective equipment should
27、always be used. These should include full-face shields, rubberaprons, and gloves impervious to HF. Gloves should bechecked periodically for pin holes.5.8 Oxalic Acid SolutionDissolve 10 g of oxalic aciddihydrate in 100 mL of water. Store the solution in a chemi-cally resistant glass or suitable plas
28、tic container (see Note 2).5.9 Phenolphthalein Indicator SolutionDissolve1gofphenolphthalein in 100 mL of ethanol (1 + 1). Store thesolution in a chemically resistant glass or suitable plasticcontainer (see Note 2).5.10 Silica Standard SolutionPrepare a standard silicasolution containing approximate
29、ly 10 mmol of silica (SiO2)/Lby dissolving sodium metasilicate in water. Store the solutionin a polyethylene bottle. Use a 100-mL aliquot of the solutionto determine its SiO2content by the procedure described in8.1.1-8.2.1. Do not use a standard silica solution older than 1year, since dissolved ioni
30、c silica in such a solution slowlypolymerizes, causing spuriously low photometric readings (seeNote 2).5.11 Sodium Hydroxide, Standard Solution (1.000 6 0.010N)Prepare a 1.000 6 0.010 N sodium hydroxide (NaOH)solution and standardize to 60.001 N. Store the solution in apolyethylene bottle (Note 2).
31、Protect the dry reagent andsolution from contamination by carbon dioxide.5.12 Sulfuric Acid (sp gr 1.84)Concentrated sulfuric acid(H2SO4). Store the solution in a chemically resistant glasscontainer (see Note 2).NOTE 2In selecting the container, take care to ensure that the reagentwill not be modifi
32、ed by reaction with the material composing thecontainer, including pigments or other additives, or by transpiration ofphases through the walls of the container. Containers with wall thicknessnot less than 0.51 mm and composed of high-density polyethylenemeeting the requirements of Specification D 12
33、48, for materials of TypeIII, Class A, are suitable.6. Selection and Preparation of Test Samples6.1 The test can be used for either fine or coarse aggregate,and when the fine and coarse aggregate are of the samematerial it can be used for the total aggregate.6.2 Obtain the aggregate sample in accord
34、ance with PracticeD 75. Use the sample sizes given in Table number 1 of PracticeD 75.6.2.1 For samples of aggregate with a nominal maximumsize less than 19.0 mm, split the sample in half in accordancewith Practice C 702. Crush one half as described in 6.2.3.Retain the other half for further testing
35、if desired.6.2.2 For samples of aggregate with a nominal maximumsize 19.0 mm or larger, mix and quarter the sample inaccordance with Practice C 702. Crush one quarter as de-scribed in 6.2.3. Retain the other three quarters of the samplefor further testing if desired.6.2.3 Crush the sample in a jaw-c
36、rusher using small por-tions at a time, retaining all fractions, until the sample passesa 4.75-mm (No. 4) sieve. Reduce the crushed sample to 300 65 g by splitting in accordance with Practice C 702.6.3 Sieve the 300-g sample, discarding all material thatpasses the 150-m (No. 100) sieve. Crush or gri
37、nd the samplein small portions using a disk pulverizer, rotary mill (rotating-puck) device, or mortar and pestle. To minimize the productionof material passing the 150-m (No.100) sieve, use severalpasses of the portion through the equipment, removing materialpassing the 300-m (No. 50) sieve before r
38、egrinding theremainder. If the amount of material retained on the 150-m(No. 100) sieve is less than 100 g after pulverizing the entire300-g sample, discard the sample and pulverize a new 300-gsample (Note 3).NOTE 3An over-pulverized sample may not produce the correctchemical test results. A properly
39、 pulverized sample will have about 110 to150 g of material remaining on the 150-m (No. 100) sieve after washing.6.4 To ensure that all material finer than the 150-m sievehas been removed, wash the sample over a 150-m sieve. Donot wash more than 100 g over a 203-mm diameter sieve at oneC289033time. D
40、ry the washed sample at 105 6 5C for 20 6 4 h. Coolthe sample and again sieve on the 150-m sieve. If inspectionof the sample indicates the presence of silty or clayey coatingson particles, repeat the washing and drying procedure, andsieve as before over the 150-m sieve. Reserve the portionretained o
41、n the 150-m sieve for the test sample.7. Reaction Procedure7.1 Weigh out three representative 25.00 6 0.05-g portionsof the dry 150-m to 300-m test sample prepared in accor-dance with Section 6. Place one portion in each of the three ofthe reaction containers, and add by means of a pipet, 25 mL ofth
42、e 1.000 N NaOH solution. To a fourth reaction container, bymeans of a pipet, add 25 mL of the same NaOH solution toserve as a blank. Seal the four containers and gently swirl themto liberate trapped air.7.2 Immediately after the containers have been sealed, placethem in a liquid bath maintained at 8
43、0 6 1.0C. After 24 614h, remove the containers from the bath and cool them, for 156 2 min, under running tap water having a temperature below30C.7.3 Immediately after the containers have been cooled, openthem and filter the solution from the aggregate residue. Use aporcelain Gooch crucible (see Note
44、 4) with a disk of rapid,analytical-grade filter paper cut to fit the bottom of the crucible,setting the crucible in a rubber crucible holder in a funnel.Place a dry test tube, 35 to 50-mL capacity, in the filter flask tocollect the filtrate, and seat the funnel in the neck of the filterflask. With
45、the aspirator in operation or the vacuum line open,decant a small quantity of the solution onto the filter paper soit will seat properly in the crucible. Without stirring thecontents of the container, decant the remaining free liquid intothe crucible. When the decantation of the liquid has beencompl
46、eted, discontinue the vacuum and transfer the solidsremaining in the container to the crucible and pack in placewith the aid of a stainless-steel spatula. Then apply and adjustthe vacuum to approximately 51 kPa. Continue the filtrationuntil further filtration yields filtrate at the approximate rate
47、of1 drop every 10 s; reserve the filtrate for further tests. Recordthe total amount of time during which the vacuum is applied asthe filtration time; make every effort to achieve an equalfiltration time for all samples in a set, by uniformity ofprocedure in the assembly of the filtration apparatus a
48、nd thepacking of the solids in the crucible.NOTE 4Coors Size No. 4 Gooch crucibles, or equivalent, have beenfound satisfactory for this purpose.7.4 Filter the blank according to the procedure described in7.3. Apply the vacuum for a length of time equal to the averagefiltration time for the three spe
49、cimens.7.5 Immediately following the completion of filtration, stirthe filtrate to assure homogeneity, then take by pipet an aliquotof 10 mL of the filtrate and dilute with water to 200 mL in avolumetric flask. Reserve this diluted solution for the determi-nation of the dissolved SiO2and the reduction in alkalinity.7.6 If the diluted filtrate is not to be analyzed within 4 hfollowing completion of the filtration, transfer the solution to aclean, dry polyethylene container and close the container bymeans of a stopper or tight-fitting ca
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