1、Designation: C29/C29M 09American Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T19/T19MStandard Test Method forBulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C29/C29M; the number immediately following the designa
2、tion indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by ag
3、encies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulkdensity (“unit weight”) of aggregate in a compacted or loosecondition, and calculated voids between particles in fine,coarse, or mixed aggregates based on the same determination.This test method is appl
4、icable to aggregates not exceeding 125mm 5 in. in nominal maximum size.NOTE 1Unit weight is the traditional terminology used to describe theproperty determined by this test method, which is weight per unit volume(more correctly, mass per unit volume or density).1.2 The values stated in either SI uni
5、ts or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard, as appropriate for aspecification with which this test method is used.An exceptionis with regard to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, inwhich the SI values are the standard as stated in SpecificationE11. Within the text, inch-
6、pound units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of t
7、hesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C125 Terminology Relating
8、to Concrete and Concrete Ag-gregatesC127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC128 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (SpecificGravity), and Absorption of Fine AggregateC138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight),Yield, and Air Co
9、ntent (Gravimetric) of ConcreteC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Test-ing SizeD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE11 Specification for Woven Wire
10、 Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves2.2 AASHTO Standard:T19/T19M Method of Test for Unit Weight and Voids inAggregate33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with Termi-nology C125 unless otherwise indicated.3.1.1 bulk density, nof aggregate, the mass of a unitvolume of bulk aggregate
11、 material, in which the volumeincludes the volume of the individual particles and the volumeof the voids between the particles. Expressed in kg/m3lb/ft3.3.1.2 unit weight, nweight (mass) per unit volume. (Dep-recated term usedpreferred term bulk density.)3.1.2.1 DiscussionWeight is equal to the mass
12、 of the bodymultiplied by the acceleration due to gravity. Weight may beexpressed in absolute units (newtons, poundals) or in gravita-tional units (kgf, lbf), for example: on the surface of the earth,a body with a mass of 1 kg has a weight of 1 kgf (approxi-mately 9.81 N), or a body with a mass of 1
13、 lb has a weight of1 lbf (approximately 4.45 N or 32.2 poundals). Since weight isequal to mass times the acceleration due to gravity, the weightof a body will vary with the location where the weight isdetermined, while the mass of the body remains constant. Onthe surface of the earth, the force of g
14、ravity imparts to a bodythat is free to fall an acceleration of approximately 9.81m/s232.2 ft/s2. D1231This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC09.20 on Normal Weight Aggregates.Current editio
15、n approved Dec. 1, 2009. Published January 2010. Originallyapproved in 1920. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C29/C29M 07. DOI:10.1520/C0029_C0029M-09.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of
16、 ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.1*A Summary of Changes s
17、ection appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 voids, nin unit volume of aggregate, the spacebetween particles in an aggregate mass n
18、ot occupied by solidmineral matter.3.2.1.1 DiscussionVoids within particles, either perme-able or impermeable, are not included in voids as determinedby this test method.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is often used to determine bulk densityvalues that are necessary for use for many meth
19、ods of selectingproportions for concrete mixtures.4.2 The bulk density also may be used for determiningmass/volume relationships for conversions in purchase agree-ments. However, the relationship between degree of compac-tion of aggregates in a hauling unit or stockpile and thatachieved in this test
20、 method is unknown. Further, aggregates inhauling units and stockpiles usually contain absorbed andsurface moisture (the latter affecting bulking), while this testmethod determines the bulk density on a dry basis.4.3 Aprocedure is included for computing the percentage ofvoids between the aggregate p
21、articles based on the bulk densitydetermined by this test method.5. Apparatus5.1 BalanceA balance or scale accurate within 0.1 % ofthe test load at any point within the range of use, graduated toat least 0.05 kg 0.1 lb. The range of use shall be consideredto extend from the mass of the measure empty
22、 to the mass ofthe measure plus its contents at 1920 kg/m3120 lb/ft3.5.2 Tamping RodA round, straight steel rod, 16 mm 58in. in diameter and approximately 600 mm 24 in. in length,having the tamping end, or both ends, rounded to a hemispheri-cal tip, the diameter of which is 16 mm 58 in.5.3 MeasureA
23、cylindrical metal measure, preferably pro-vided with handles. It shall be watertight, with the top andbottom true and even, and sufficiently rigid to retain its formunder rough usage. The measure shall have a height approxi-mately equal to the diameter, but in no case shall the height beless than 80
24、 % nor more than 150 % of the diameter. Thecapacity of the measure shall conform to the limits in Table 1for the aggregate size to be tested. The thickness of metal in themeasure shall be as described in Table 2. The top rim shall besmooth and plane within 0.25 mm 0.01 in. and shall beparallel to th
25、e bottom within 0.5 (See Note 2). The interiorwall of the measure shall be a smooth and continuous surface.NOTE 2The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.25-mm 0.01-in.feeler gage cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6-mm14-in. or thicker plate glass laid over the measure. The top and
26、 bottomare satisfactorily parallel if the slope between pieces of plate glass incontact with the top and bottom does not exceed 0.87 % in any direction.5.3.1 If the measure is to also be used for testing for bulkdensity of freshly-mixed concrete according to Test MethodC138/C138M, the measure shall
27、be made of steel or othersuitable metal not readily subject to attack by cement paste.Reactive materials, such as aluminum alloys are permitted,where as a consequence of an initial reaction, a surface film isformed which protects the metal against further corrosion.5.3.2 Measures larger than nominal
28、 28 L 1 ft3 capacityshall be made of steel for rigidity, or the minimum thicknessesof metal listed in Table 2 shall be suitably increased.5.4 Shovel or ScoopA shovel or scoop of convenient sizefor filling the measure with aggregate.5.5 Calibration Equipment:5.5.1 Plate GlassA piece of plate glass, a
29、t least 6 mm 14in. thick and at least 25 mm 1 in. larger than the diameter ofthe measure to be calibrated.5.5.2 GreaseA supply of water-pump, chassis, or similargrease.5.5.3 ThermometerA thermometer having a range of atleast 10 to 32 C 50 to 90 F and that is readable to at least0.5 C 1 F.5.5.4 Balan
30、ceA balance as described in 5.1.6. Sampling6.1 Obtain the sample in accordance with Practice D75, andreduce to test sample size in accordance with Practice C702.7. Test Sample7.1 The size of the sample shall be approximately 125 to200 % of the quantity required to fill the measure, and shall behandl
31、ed in a manner to avoid segregation. Dry the aggregatesample to essentially constant mass, preferably in an oven at110 6 5 C 230 6 9 F.8. Calibration of Measure8.1 Measures shall be recalibrated at least once a year orwhenever there is reason to question the accuracy of thecalibration.8.2 Determine
32、the mass of the plate glass and measure thenearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.TABLE 1 Capacity of MeasuresNominal MaximumSize of AggregateCapacity of MeasureAmm in. m3L ft312.512 0.00282.811025.0 1 0.0093 9.31337.5 112 0.014 141275 3 0.028 28 1100 4 0.070 70 212125 5 0.100 100 312AThe indicated size of measure
33、shall be used to test aggregates of a nominalmaximum size equal to or smaller than that listed. The actual volume of themeasure shall be at least 95 % of the nominal volume listed.TABLE 2 Requirements for MeasuresCapacity of MeasureThickness of Metal, minBottomUpper 38 mmor 112 in.of wallARemainder
34、of wallLess than 11 L 5.0 mm 2.5 mm 2.5 mm11 to 42 L, incl 5.0 mm 5.0 mm 3.0 mmover 42 to 80 L, incl 10.0 mm 6.4 mm 3.8 mmover 80 to 133 L, incl 13.0 mm 7.6 mm 5.0 mmLess than 0.4 ft30.20 in. 0.10 in. 0.10 in.0.4 ft3to 1.5 ft3, incl 0.20 in. 0.20 in. 0.12 in.over 1.5 to 2.8 ft3, incl 0.40 in. 0.25 i
35、n. 0.15 in.over 2.8 to 4.0 ft3, incl 0.50 in. 0.30 in. 0.20 in.AThe added thickness in the upper portion of the wall may be obtained byplacing a reinforcing band around the top of the measure.C29/C29M 0928.3 Place a thin layer of grease on the rim of the measure toprevent leakage of water from the m
36、easure.8.4 Fill the measure with water that is at room temperatureand cover with the plate glass in such a way as to eliminatebubbles and excess water. Remove any water that may haveoverflowed onto the measure or plate glass.8.5 Determine the mass of the water, plate glass, andmeasure to the nearest
37、 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.8.6 Measure the temperature of the water to the nearest0.5 C 1 F and determine its density from Table 3,interpolating if necessary.8.7 Calculate the volume, V, of the measure. Alternatively,calculate the factor, F, for the measure.NOTE 3For the calculation of bulk density, the volume
38、 of the measurein SI units should be expressed in cubic metres, or the factor as 1/m3.However, for convenience the size of the measure may be expressed inlitres.9. Selection of Procedure9.1 The shoveling procedure for loose bulk density shall beused only when specifically stipulated. Otherwise, the
39、compactbulk density shall be determined by the rodding procedure foraggregates having a nominal maximum size of 37.5 mm112 in. or less, or by the jigging procedure for aggregateshaving a nominal maximum size greater than 37.5 mm 112 in.and not exceeding 125 mm 5 in.10. Rodding Procedure10.1 Fill the
40、 measure one-third full and level the surfacewith the fingers. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes ofthe tamping rod evenly distributed over the surface. Fill themeasure two-thirds full and again level and rod as above.Finally, fill the measure to overflowing and rod again in themanner previo
41、usly mentioned. Level the surface of the aggre-gate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way that anyslight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregateapproximately balance the larger voids in the surface below thetop of the measure.10.2 In rodding the first layer, do not allow
42、the rod to strikethe bottom of the measure forcibly. In rodding the second andthird layers, use vigorous effort, but not more force than tocause the tamping rod to penetrate to the previous layer ofaggregate.NOTE 4In rodding the larger sizes of coarse aggregate, it may not bepossible to penetrate th
43、e layer being consolidated, especially with angularaggregates. The intent of the procedure will be accomplished if vigorouseffort is used.10.3 Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents,and the mass of the measure alone, and record the values to thenearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.11. Jigging Procedu
44、re11.1 Fill the measure in three approximately equal layers asdescribed in 10.1, compacting each layer by placing themeasure on a firm base, such as a cement-concrete floor,raising the opposite sides alternately about 50 mm 2 in., andallowing the measure to drop in such a manner as to hit with ashar
45、p, slapping blow. The aggregate particles, by this proce-dure, will arrange themselves in a densely compacted condi-tion. Compact each layer by dropping the measure 50 times inthe manner described, 25 times on each side. Level the surfaceof the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a
46、waythat any slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarseaggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surfacebelow the top of the measure.11.2 Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents,and the mass of the measure alone, and record the values to thenearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.
47、12. Shoveling Procedure12.1 Fill the measure to overflowing by means of a shovelor scoop, discharging the aggregate from a height not to exceed50 mm 2 in. above the top of the measure. Exercise care toprevent, so far as possible, segregation of the particle sizes ofwhich the sample is composed. Leve
48、l the surface of theaggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way thatany slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarseaggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surfacebelow the top of the measure.12.2 Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents,and the mas
49、s of the measure alone, and record the values to thenearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.13. Calculation13.1 Bulk DensityCalculate the bulk density for the rod-ding, jigging, or shoveling procedure as follows:M 5 G 2 T!/V (1)orM 5 G 2 T! 3 F (2)where:M = bulk density of the aggregate, kg/m3lb/ft3,G = mass of the aggregate plus the measure, kg lb,T = mass of the measure, kg lb,V = volume of the measure, m3ft3, andF = factor for measure, m3ft3.13.1.1 The bulk density det
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