ASTM C29 C29M-2016 Standard Test Method for Bulk Density (&ldquo Unit Weight&rdquo ) and Voids in Aggregate《集料的体积密度 (单位重量) 和空隙的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: C29/C29M 09C29/C29M 16 American Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials StandardAASHTO No.: T19/T19MStandard Test Method forBulk Density (“Unit Weight”) and Voids in Aggregate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C29/C29M; the number immediately following

2、 the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved f

3、or use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk density (“unit weight”) of aggregate in a compacted or loose condition,and calculated voids between particles in fine, coarse, or mixed aggregates based on the same determination. This

4、 test method isapplicable to aggregates not exceeding 125 mm 5 in. in nominal maximum size.NOTE 1Unit weight is the traditional terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is weight per unit volume (morecorrectly, mass per unit volume or density).1.2 The values st

5、ated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard, as appropriate for aspecification with which this test method is used.An exception is with regard to sieve sizes and nominal size of aggregate, in whichthe SI values are the standard as stated in Specification E11

6、. Within the text, inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The valuesstated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.3 This standard does not pu

7、rport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C12

8、5 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesC127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse AggregateC128 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine AggregateC138/C138M Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and A

9、ir Content (Gravimetric) of ConcreteC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC702 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing SizeD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD123 Terminology Relating to TextilesE11 Specification for Woven

10、 Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves2.2 AASHTO Standard:T19/T19M Method of Test for Unit Weight and Voids in Aggregate33. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions are in accordance with The terms used in this test method are defined in Terminology C125 unlessotherwise indicated1 This test method is u

11、nder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregatesand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.20 onNormal Weight Aggregates.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2009Feb. 1, 2016. Published January 2010March 2016. Originally approved in 1920. Last previous edition ap

12、proved in 20072009 asC29/C29M 07.C29/C29M 09. DOI: 10.1520/C0029_C0029M-09. 10.1520/C0029_C0029M-16.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Doc

13、ument Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,http:/www.transportation.org.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of

14、an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as publ

15、ished by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2 bulk density, nof aggregate, the mass of a unit volume of bul

16、k aggregate material, in which the volume includes thevolume of the individual particles and the volume of the voids between the particles. Expressed in kg/m3 lb/ft3.3.3 unit weight, nweight (mass) per unit volume. (Deprecated term usedpreferred term bulk density.)3.3.1 DiscussionWeight is equal to

17、the mass of the body multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity. Weight may be expressed in absolute units(newtons, poundals) or in gravitational units (kgf, lbf), for example: on the surface of the earth, a body with a mass of 1 kg hasa weight of 1 kgf (approximately 9.81 N), or a body with a ma

18、ss of 1 lb has a weight of 1 lbf (approximately 4.45 N or 32.2poundals). Since weight is equal to mass times the acceleration due to gravity, the weight of a body will vary with the locationwhere the weight is determined, while the mass of the body remains constant. On the surface of the earth, the

19、force of gravityimparts to a body that is free to fall an acceleration of approximately 9.81 m/s2 32.2 ft/s2. D1233.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 voids, nin unit volume of aggregate, the space between particles in an aggregate mass not occupied by solid mineralmatter.3.2.1.1

20、 DiscussionVoids within particles, either permeable or impermeable, are not included in voids as determined by thistest method.4. Significance and Use4.1 This test method is often used to determine bulk density values that are necessary for use for many methods of selectingproportions for concrete m

21、ixtures.4.2 The bulk density also may be used for determining mass/volume relationships for conversions in purchase agreements.However, the relationship between degree of compaction of aggregates in a hauling unit or stockpile and that achieved in this testmethod is unknown. Further, aggregates in h

22、auling units and stockpiles usually contain absorbed and surface moisture (the latteraffecting bulking), while this test method determines the bulk density on a dry basis.4.3 A procedure is included for computing the percentage of voids between the aggregate particles based on the bulk densitydeterm

23、ined by this test method.5. Apparatus5.1 BalanceAbalance or scale accurate within 0.1 % of the test load at any point within the range of use, graduated to at least0.05 kg 0.1 lb. The range of use shall be considered to extend from the mass of the measure empty to the mass of the measureplus its con

24、tents at 1920 kg/m3 120 lbft3.5.2 Tamping RodA round, straight steel rod, 16 mm 58 in. in diameter and approximately 600 mm 24 in. in length, havingthe tamping end, or both ends, rounded to a hemispherical tip, the diameter of which is 16 mm 58 in.5.3 MeasureAcylindrical metal measure, preferably pr

25、ovided with handles. It shall be watertight, with the top and bottom trueand even, and sufficiently rigid to retain its form under rough usage. The measure shall have a height approximately equal to thediameter, but in no case shall the height be less than 80 % nor more than 150 % of the diameter. T

26、he capacity of the measure shallconform to the limits in Table 1 for the aggregate size to be tested. The thickness of metal in the measure shall be as describedin Table 2. The top rim shall be smooth and plane within 0.25 mm 0.01 in. and shall be parallel to the bottom within 0.5 (SeeNote 2). The i

27、nterior wall of the measure shall be a smooth and continuous surface.NOTE 2The top rim is satisfactorily plane if a 0.25-mm 0.01-in. feeler gage cannot be inserted between the rim and a piece of 6-mm 14-in. orthicker plate glass laid over the measure. The top and bottom are satisfactorily parallel i

28、f the slope between pieces of plate glass in contact with the topand bottom does not exceed 0.87 % in any direction.TABLE 1 Capacity of MeasuresNominal MaximumSize of Aggregate Capacity of MeasureAmm in. m3 L ft312.5 12 0.00282.8 11025.0 1 0.0093 9.3 1337.5 112 0.014 14 1275 3 0.028 28 1100 4 0.070

29、70 212125 5 0.100 100 312A The indicated size of measure shall be used to test aggregates of a nominalmaximum size equal to or smaller than that listed. The actual volume of themeasure shall be at least 95 % of the nominal volume listed.C29/C29M 1625.3.1 If the measure is to also be used for testing

30、 for bulk density of freshly-mixed concrete according to Test MethodC138/C138M, the measure shall be made of steel or other suitable metal not readily subject to attack by cement paste. Reactivematerials, such as aluminum alloys are permitted, where as a consequence of an initial reaction, a surface

31、 film is formed whichprotects the metal against further corrosion.5.3.2 Measures larger than nominal 28 L1 ft3 capacity shall be made of steel for rigidity, or the minimum thicknesses of metallisted in Table 2 shall be suitably increased.5.4 Shovel or ScoopA shovel or scoop of convenient size for fi

32、lling the measure with aggregate.5.5 Calibration Equipment:5.5.1 Plate GlassA piece of plate glass, at least 6 mm 14 in. thick and at least 25 mm 1 in. larger than the diameter of themeasure to be calibrated.5.5.2 GreaseA supply of water-pump, chassis, or similar grease.5.5.3 ThermometerA thermomete

33、r having a range of at least 10 to 32 C 50 to 90 F and that is readable to at least 0.5 C1 F.5.5.4 BalanceA balance as described in 5.1.6. Sampling6.1 Obtain the sample in accordance with Practice D75, and reduce to test sample size in accordance with Practice C702.7. Test Sample7.1 The size of the

34、sample shall be approximately 125 to 200 % of the quantity required to fill the measure, and shall be handledin a manner to avoid segregation. Dry the aggregate sample to essentially constant mass, preferably in an oven at 110 6 5 C 2306 9 F.8. Calibration of Measure8.1 Measures shall be recalibrate

35、d at least once a year or whenever there is reason to question the accuracy of the calibration.8.2 Determine the mass of the plate glass and measure the nearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.8.3 Place a thin layer of grease on the rim of the measure to prevent leakage of water from the measure.8.4 Fill the measure

36、 with water that is at room temperature and cover with the plate glass in such a way as to eliminate bubblesand excess water. Remove any water that may have overflowed onto the measure or plate glass.8.5 Determine the mass of the water, plate glass, and measure to the nearest 0.05 kg 0.1 lb.8.6 Meas

37、ure the temperature of the water to the nearest0.5 C 1 F and determine its density from Table 3, interpolating if necessary.8.7 Calculate the volume, V, of the measure. Alternatively, calculate the factor, F, for the measure.NOTE 3For the calculation of bulk density, the volume of the measure in SI

38、units should be expressed in cubic metres, or the factor as 1/m3. However,for convenience the size of the measure may be expressed in litres.9. Selection of Procedure9.1 The shoveling procedure for loose bulk density shall be used only when specifically stipulated. Otherwise, the compact bulkdensity

39、 shall be determined by the rodding procedure for aggregates having a nominal maximum size of 37.5 mm112 in. or less, or by the jigging procedure for aggregates having a nominal maximum size greater than 37.5 mm 112 in. andnot exceeding 125 mm 5 in.TABLE 2 Requirements for MeasuresCapacity of Measur

40、eThickness of Metal, minBottomUpper 38 mmor 112 in.of wallARemainder of wallLess than 11 L 5.0 mm 2.5 mm 2.5 mm11 to 42 L, incl 5.0 mm 5.0 mm 3.0 mmover 42 to 80 L, incl 10.0 mm 6.4 mm 3.8 mmover 80 to 133 L, incl 13.0 mm 7.6 mm 5.0 mmLess than 0.4 ft3 0.20 in. 0.10 in. 0.10 in.0.4 ft3 to 1.5 ft3, i

41、ncl 0.20 in. 0.20 in. 0.12 in.over 1.5 to 2.8 ft3, incl 0.40 in. 0.25 in. 0.15 in.over 2.8 to 4.0 ft3, incl 0.50 in. 0.30 in. 0.20 in.A The added thickness in the upper portion of the wall may be obtained by placinga reinforcing band around the top of the measure.C29/C29M 16310. Rodding Procedure10.

42、1 Fill the measure one-third full and level the surface with the fingers. Rod the layer of aggregate with 25 strokes of thetamping rod evenly distributed over the surface. Fill the measure two-thirds full and again level and rod as above. Finally, fill themeasure to overflowing and rod again in the

43、manner previously mentioned. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers ora straightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the larger pieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the largervoids in the surface below the top of the measure.10.2 In rodding the first layer,

44、do not allow the rod to strike the bottom of the measure forcibly. In rodding the second and thirdlayers, use vigorous effort, but not more force than to cause the tamping rod to penetrate to the previous layer of aggregate.NOTE 4In rodding the larger sizes of coarse aggregate, it may not be possibl

45、e to penetrate the layer being consolidated, especially with angularaggregates. The intent of the procedure will be accomplished if vigorous effort is used.10.3 Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the measure alone, and record the values to the nearest0.05 kg 0.1 lb.

46、11. Jigging Procedure11.1 Fill the measure in three approximately equal layers as described in 10.1, compacting each layer by placing the measureon a firm base, such as a cement-concrete floor, raising the opposite sides alternately about 50 mm 2 in., and allowing the measureto drop in such a manner

47、 as to hit with a sharp, slapping blow. The aggregate particles, by this procedure, will arrange themselvesin a densely compacted condition. Compact each layer by dropping the measure 50 times in the manner described, 25 times oneach side. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a str

48、aightedge in such a way that any slight projections of the largerpieces of the coarse aggregate approximately balance the larger voids in the surface below the top of the measure.11.2 Determine the mass of the measure plus its contents, and the mass of the measure alone, and record the values to the

49、 nearest0.05 kg 0.1 lb.12. Shoveling Procedure12.1 Fill the measure to overflowing by means of a shovel or scoop, discharging the aggregate from a height not to exceed 50mm 2 in. above the top of the measure. Exercise care to prevent, so far as possible, segregation of the particle sizes of whichthe sample is composed. Level the surface of the aggregate with the fingers or a straightedge in such a way that any slightprojections of the larger pieces of the coarse ag