1、Designation: C311 11bC311/C311M 13Standard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Usein Portland-Cement Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C311;C311/C311M; the number immediately following the designation indicates theyear of original adoption
2、 or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scop
3、e*1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling and testing fly ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use inportland-cement concrete.1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:SectionsSampling 7CHEMICAL ANALYSISReagents and apparatus 10Moisture content 11 and 12Loss on ignition 13 and 1
4、4Silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, iron oxide, calciumoxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur trioxide, sodiumoxideand potassium oxide 15Available alkali 16 and 17Ammonia 18PHYSICAL TESTSDensity 19Fineness 20Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 21-23Soundness 24Air-entrainment of mortar 25 and 26Streng
5、th activity index with portland cement 27-30Water requirement 31Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan inControlling Alkali-Silica Reactions 32Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan inContributing to Sulfate Resistance 341.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to
6、 be regarded separately as the standard. The values given inparentheses are provided for information purposes only. stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each systemshall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
7、with the standard.NOTE 1Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification D1426. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for informationonly and does not represent a different standard sieve size.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns
8、, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory inf
9、ormation. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in tables) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.1 These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.24on Supplementary C
10、ementitious Materials.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011Feb. 1, 2013. Published January 2012March 2013. Originally approved in 1953. Last previous edition approved in 2011 asC31111a.11b. DOI: 10.1520/C0311-11b.10.1520/C0311-13.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide
11、the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the stan
12、dard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33 Specif
13、ication for Concrete AggregatesC109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm Cube Specimens)C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Hydraulic CementC125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesC150 Specification for Portland Ceme
14、ntC151 Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic CementC157/C157M Test Method for Length Change of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and ConcreteC185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement MortarC188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementC204 Test Methods for Fineness of Hydrauli
15、c Cement by Air-Permeability ApparatusC219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic CementC226 Specification for Air-Entraining Additions for Use in the Manufacture of Air-Entraining Hydraulic CementC227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)C430 Te
16、st Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement by the 45-m (No. 325) SieveC441 Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expansion of ConcreteDue to the Alkali-Silica ReactionC604 Test Method for True Specific Gravity of Refractory Materials by Gas-C
17、omparison PycnometerC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction MaterialsC778 Specification for SandC1012 Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-Cement Mort
18、ars Exposed to a Sulfate SolutionC1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement MortarC1697 Specification for Blended Supplementary Cementitious MaterialsD1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In WaterD4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coal and Coke Ash By X-Ray FluorescenceE11 Speci
19、fication for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves2.2 ACI Document:3ACI 201.2R Guide to Durable Concrete3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology C125 and Terminology C219.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1
20、 composite sample, na sample that is constructed by combining equal portions of grab or regular samples.3.2.2 established source, na source for which at least six months of continuous production quality assurance records from atest frequency required for a new source are available, sampled at the so
21、urce.3.2.3 grab sample, na sample that is taken in a single operation from a conveyor delivering to bulk storage, from bags, or froma bulk shipment.3.2.3.1 DiscussionA grab sample may or may not reflect the composition or physical properties of a single lot of fly ash or natural pozzolan. Thistype o
22、f sample can be used to characterize small amounts of material.3.2.4 new source, na source for which less than six months of production records are available, sampled at the source.3.2.5 regular sample, na sample that is constructed by combining equal portions of grab samples that were taken atprede
23、termined times or locations from any single lot of material.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test methods are used to develop data for comparison with the requirements of Specification C618 or SpecificationC1697. These test methods are based on standardized testing in the laboratory and are not inte
24、nded to simulate job conditions.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from American Con
25、crete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.aci-int.org.C311/C311M 1324.1.1 StrengthActivity IndexThe test for strength activity index is used to determine whether fly ash or natural pozzolan resultsin an acceptable level of strength development when used with hy
26、draulic cement in concrete. Since the test is performed withmortar, the results may not provide a direct correlation of how the fly ash or natural pozzolan will contribute to strength in concrete.4.1.2 Chemical TestsThe chemical component determinations and the limits placed on each do not predict t
27、he performanceof a fly ash or natural pozzolan with hydraulic cement in concrete, but collectively help describe composition and uniformity ofthe material.5. Materials5.1 Graded Standard SandThe sand used for making test specimens for the activity index with lime or portland cement shallbe natural s
28、ilica sand conforming to the requirements for graded standard sand in Specification C778.NOTE 2Segregation of Graded SandThe graded standard sand should be handled in such a manner as to prevent segregation, since variations inthe grading of the sand cause variations in the consistency of the mortar
29、. In emptying bins or sacks, care should be exercised to prevent the formationof mounds of sand or craters in the sand, down the slopes of which the coarser particles will roll. Bins should be of sufficient size to permit theseprecautions. Devices for drawing the sand from bins by gravity should not
30、 be used.5.2 Hydrated LimeThe hydrated lime used in the tests shall be reagent-grade calcium hydroxide, 95 % minimum calculatedas Ca(OH)2 (Note 23), and have a minimum fineness of 2500 m2/kg as determined in accordance with Test Method C204.NOTE 3The calcium hydroxide should be protected from exposu
31、re to carbon dioxide. Material remaining in an opened container after a test shouldnot be used for subsequent tests.5.3 Portland CementThe portland cement used in the Strength Activity Index with Portland Cement test shall comply withthe requirements of Specification C150 and have a minimum compress
32、ive strength of 35 MPa (5000 psi) at 28 days and totalalkalies (Na2O + 0.658 K2O) not less than 0.50 % nor more than 0.80 %.5.3.1 The use of a locally available portland cement in the Strength Activity Index or a project cement that does not meet therequirements of the section on Materials is permit
33、ted when the variations from the requirements of the section on Materials arereported and when the use of such portland cement is requested.6. Sample Type and Size6.1 Grab samples and regular samples shall have a mass of at least 2 kg (4 lb).6.2 Grab samples or regular samples taken at prescribed in
34、tervals over a period of time (see Table 1), may be combined to forma composite sample representative of the fly ash or natural pozzolan produced during that period of time.6.3 Composite samples shall have a mass of at least 4 kg (8 lb).6.4 The sampling shall be done by, or under the direction of, a
35、 responsible representative of the purchaser.7. Sampling Procedure7.1 The fly ash or natural pozzolan may be sampled by any one of the following methods:7.1.1 From Bulk Storage at Point of Discharge or from Rail Cars and Road TankersA sample may be taken by siphon tubeduring loading or by sampling t
36、ube from each loaded car or tanker. If the load is sampled at the point of discharge into the railcar or tanker, the top surface shall be removed to a depth of at least 200 mm (8 in.) before sampling. The sample shall be identifiedwith at least the date and shipment number.7.1.2 From Bags in Storage
37、The regular sample shall comprise increments of equal size taken by sampling tube from threebags selected at random from one lot of bagged material. The sample shall be identified with date and lot number.TABLE 1 Minimum Sampling and Testing FrequencyATest Sample Type Jobsite or NewSourceB Establish
38、edSourceBMoisture contentLoss on ignitionFinenessRegular Daily or each90 Mgc(100 Tons)Daily or each360 MgC(400 Tons)Density and theother tests inSpecificationC618, Tables 1and 2Composite Monthly or each1 800 MgC(2 000 Tons)Monthly or each2 900 MgC(3 200 Tons)A It should be noted that the minimum tes
39、t frequency given in Table 1 is notnecessarily the frequency needed for quality control programs on some fly ash ornatural pozzolans.B For definitions, refer to the Terminology section.C Whichever comes first.C311/C311M 1337.1.3 From Conveyor Delivering to Bulk StorageTake one sample of 2 kg (4 lb)
40、or more of the material passing over theconveyor. This may be secured by taking the entire test sample in a single operation, known as the grab sample method, or bycombining several equal portions taken at regular intervals, known as the regular sample method.Automatic samplers may be usedto obtain
41、samples.7.2 Samples shall be treated as described in Section 8.NOTE 4Some methods of loading or delivery of fly ash or natural pozzolan, particularly from an airstream or conveyor belt, may create stratificationor segregation in the material stream. Sampling techniques must be designed to ensure tha
42、t the sample is representative of the material shipped.8. Preparation and Storage of Samples8.1 Prepare composite samples for the tests required in Section 9, by arranging all grab or regular samples into groups coveringthe period or quantity to be represented by the sample. Take equal portions from
43、 each, sufficient to produce a composite samplelarge enough for the tests required. Mix the composite sample thoroughly.8.2 Samples shall be stored in clean, airtight containers identified with the source and lot or period of time represented. Untestedportions of the sample shall be retained for at
44、least one month after all test results have been reported.9. Testing Frequency9.1 GeneralWhen required, the purchaser shall specify the amount of testing for available alkalies, reactivity with cementalkalies, drying shrinkage, and air-entrainment. Make all other tests on regular or composite sample
45、s chosen as specified in Table1.CHEMICALANALYSIS10. General10.1 All apparatus, reagents and techniques shall comply with the requirements of Test Methods C114.10.2 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean distilled water or water ofequal purity.MOIST
46、URE CONTENT11. Procedure11.1 Dry a weighed sample, as received, to constant weightmass in an oven at 105 to 110 C (221 to 230 F).110 6 5 C 2306 10 F.12. Calculation12.1 Calculate the percentage of moisture to the nearest 0.1 %, as follows:Moisture content,%5A/B! 3100 (1)where:A = mass loss during dr
47、ying, andB = mass as received.LOSS ON IGNITION13. Procedure13.1 Determine loss on ignition in accordance with the procedures outlined in Test Methods C114, except that the materialremaining from the determination of moisture content shall be ignited to constant mass in an uncovered porcelain, not pl
48、atinum,crucible at 750 6 50 C (1382 6 190 F). C.14. Calculation14.1 Calculate the percentage of loss on ignition to the nearest 0.1, as follows:Loss on ignition,%5A/B! 3100 (2)where:A = loss in mass between 105 and 750 C (221 and 1382 F),A = loss in mass between 110 and 750 C,B = mass of moisture-fr
49、ee sample used.C311/C311M 134SILICON DIOXIDE, ALUMINUM OXIDE, IRON OXIDE, CALCIUM OXIDE, MAGNESIUM OXIDE, SULFUR TRIOXIDE,SODIUM OXIDE AND POTASSIUM OXIDE15. Procedure15.1 Determine the percentages of these oxides as required in accordance with the applicable sections of Test Methods C114for materials having an insoluble residue greater than 1 % (Note 45). Analysts performing sodium oxide and potassium oxidedeterminations shall observe the precautions outlined in the applicable section of Test Methods C114. Most pozzolans dissolvecomplete
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