1、Designation: C 311 05Standard Test Methods forSampling and Testing Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolans for Usein Portland-Cement Concrete1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 311; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of rev
2、ision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test method
3、s cover procedures for sampling andtesting fly ash and raw or calcined pozzolans for use inportland-cement concrete.1.2 The procedures appear in the following order:SectionsSampling 7CHEMICAL ANALYSISReagents and apparatus 10Moisture content 11 and 12Loss on ignition 13 and 14Silicon dioxide, alumin
4、um oxide, iron oxide, calcium oxide,magnesium oxide, sulfur trioxide, sodium oxideand potassium oxide 15Available alkali 16 and 17Ammonia 18PHYSICAL TESTSDensity 19Fineness 20Increase of drying shrinkage of mortar bars 21-23Soundness 24Air-entrainment of mortar 25 and 26Strength activity index with
5、portland cement 27-30Water requirement 31Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan inControlling Alkali-Silica Reactions 32Effectiveness of Fly Ash or Natural Pozzolan inContributing to Sulfate Resistance 341.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in p
6、arentheses are provided forinformation purposes only.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility o
7、f regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotesthat provide explanatory information. These notes and foot-notes (excluding those in tables) shall not be considered asrequirements of this standard.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33 Specif
8、ication for Concrete AggregatesC 109/C 109M Test Method for Compressive Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars(Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C114 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of HydraulicCementC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 151 Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of HydraulicCement
9、C 157/C 157M Test Method for Length Change of Hard-ened Hydraulic-Cement Mortar and ConcreteC 185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic CementMortarC 188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementC 204 Test Methods for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement byAir-Permeability ApparatusC 226 Specification
10、for Air-Entraining Additions for Use inthe Manufacture of Air-Entraining Hydraulic CementC 227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity ofCement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)C 430 Test Method for Fineness of Hydraulic Cement bythe 45-m (No. 325) SieveC 441 Test Method for Effectivene
11、ss of Pozzolans orGround Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Expan-sion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica ReactionC 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Const
12、ruction MaterialsC 778 Specification for SandC 1012 Test Method for Length Change of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars Exposed to a Sulfate SolutionC 1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic CementC 1437 Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement MortarD 1426 Test Methods for Ammonia Nitrogen In Water1Thes
13、e test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 onConcrete and Concrete Aggregates and are the direct responsibility of Subcommit-tee C09.24 on Supplementary Cementitious Materials.Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2005. Published January 2006. Originallyapproved in 1953. Last previo
14、us edition approved in 2004 as C 311 04.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM Inter
15、national, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 4326 Test Method for Major and Minor Elements in Coaland Coke Ash By X-Ray Fluorescence2.2 ACI Document:3ACI 201.2R Guide to Durable Concrete3. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standar
16、d:3.1.1 composite samplea sample that is constructed bycombining equal portions of grab or regular samples.3.1.2 established sourcea source for which at least sixmonths of continuous production quality assurance recordsfrom a test frequency required for a new source are available,sampled at the sour
17、ce.3.1.3 grab samplea sample that is taken in a singleoperation from a conveyor delivering to bulk storage, frombags, or from a bulk shipment. Such a sample may, or may not,reflect the composition or physical properties of a single lot offly ash or natural pozzolan. This type of sample can be used t
18、ocharacterize small amounts of material.3.1.4 jobsite or new sourcea source for which less thansix months of production records are available, sampled at thesource.3.1.5 lotspecific quantity of fly ash or natural pozzolanoffered for inspection at any one time.Alot may be one storagebin or the conten
19、ts of one or more transport units representingmaterial drawn from the same storage bin.3.1.6 regular samplea sample that is constructed bycombining equal portions of grab samples that were taken atpredetermined times or locations from any single lot ofmaterial.4. Significance and Use4.1 These test m
20、ethods are used to develop data for com-parison with the requirements of Specification C 618. Thesetest methods are based on standardized testing in the laboratoryand are not intended to simulate job conditions.4.1.1 Strength Activity IndexThe test for strength activityindex is used to determine whe
21、ther fly ash or natural pozzolanresults in an acceptable level of strength development whenused with hydraulic cement in concrete. Since the test isperformed with mortar, the results may not provide a directcorrelation of how the fly ash or natural pozzolan willcontribute to strength in concrete.4.1
22、.2 Chemical Tests The chemical component determi-nations and the limits placed on each do not predict theperformance of a fly ash or natural pozzolan with hydrauliccement in concrete, but collectively help describe compositionand uniformity of the material.5. Materials5.1 Graded Standard SandThe san
23、d used for making testspecimens for the activity index with lime or portland cementshall be natural silica sand conforming to the requirements forgraded standard sand in Specification C 778.NOTE 1Segregation of Graded SandThe graded standard sandshould be handled in such a manner as to prevent segre
24、gation, sincevariations in the grading of the sand cause variations in the consistency ofthe mortar. In emptying bins or sacks, care should be exercised to preventthe formation of mounds of sand or craters in the sand, down the slopesof which the coarser particles will roll. Bins should be of suffic
25、ient size topermit these precautions. Devices for drawing the sand from bins bygravity should not be used.5.2 Hydrated Lime The hydrated lime used in the testsshall be reagent-grade calcium hydroxide, 95 % minimumcalculated as Ca(OH)2(Note 2), and have a minimum finenessof 2500 m2/kg as determined i
26、n accordance with Test MethodC 204.NOTE 2The calcium hydroxide should be protected from exposure tocarbon dioxide. Material remaining in an opened container after a testshould not be used for subsequent tests.5.3 Portland Cement The portland cement used in theStrengthActivity Index with Portland Cem
27、ent test shall complywith the requirements of Specification C 150 and have aminimum compressive strength of 35 MPa (5000 psi) at 28days and total alkalies (Na2O + 0.658 K2O) not less than0.50 % nor more than 0.80 %.5.3.1 The use of a locally available portland cement in theStrength Activity Index or
28、 a project cement that does not meetthe requirements of the section on Materials is permitted whenthe variations from the requirements of the section on Materialsare reported and when the use of such portland cement isrequested.6. Sample Type and Size6.1 Grab samples and regular samples shall have a
29、 mass ofat least 2 kg (4 lb).6.2 Grab samples or regular samples taken at prescribedintervals over a period of time (see Table 1), may be combinedto form a composite sample representative of the fly ash ornatural pozzolan produced during that period of time.6.3 Composite samples shall have a mass of
30、 at least 4 kg (8lb).6.4 The sampling shall be done by, or under the direction of,a responsible representative of the purchaser.7. Sampling Procedure7.1 The fly ash or natural pozzolan may be sampled by anyone of the following methods:7.1.1 From Bulk Storage at Point of Discharge or from RailCars an
31、d Road TankersA sample may be taken by siphon3Available from American Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHills, MI 48333.TABLE 1 Minimum Sampling and Testing FrequencyATest Sample TypeJobsite or NewSourceBEstablishedSourceBMoisture contentLoss on ignitionFinenessRegular Daily or each
32、90 Mgc(100 Tons)Daily or each360 MgC(400 Tons)Density and the othertests in SpecificationC 618, Tables 1 and 2Composite Monthly or each1 800 MgC(2 000Tons)Monthly or each2 900 MgC(3 200 Tons)AIt should be noted that the minimum test frequency given in Table 1 is notnecessarily the frequency needed f
33、or quality control programs on some fly ash ornatural pozzolans.BFor definitions, refer to the Terminology section.CWhichever comes first.C311052tube during loading or by sampling tube from each loaded caror tanker. If the load is sampled at the point of discharge intothe rail car or tanker, the top
34、 surface shall be removed to adepth of at least 200 mm (8 in.) before sampling. The sampleshall be identified with at least the date and shipment number.7.1.2 From Bags in StorageThe regular sample shallcomprise increments of equal size taken by sampling tube fromthree bags selected at random from o
35、ne lot of bagged material.The sample shall be identified with date and lot number.7.1.3 From Conveyor Delivering to Bulk StorageTakeone sample of 2 kg (4 lb) or more of the material passing overthe conveyor. This may be secured by taking the entire testsample in a single operation, known as the grab
36、 samplemethod, or by combining several equal portions taken atregular intervals, known as the regular sample method. Auto-matic samplers may be used to obtain samples.7.2 Samples shall be treated as described in Section 8.NOTE 3Some methods of loading or delivery of fly ash or naturalpozzolan, parti
37、cularly from an airstream or conveyor belt, may createstratification or segregation in the material stream. Sampling techniquesmust be designed to ensure that the sample is representative of the materialshipped.8. Preparation and Storage of Samples8.1 Prepare composite samples for the tests required
38、 inSection 9, by arranging all grab or regular samples into groupscovering the period or quantity to be represented by thesample. Take equal portions from each, sufficient to produce acomposite sample large enough for the tests required. Mix thecomposite sample thoroughly.8.2 Samples shall be stored
39、 in clean, airtight containersidentified with the source and lot or period of time represented.Untested portions of the sample shall be retained for at leastone month after all test results have been reported.9. Testing Frequency9.1 GeneralWhen required, the purchaser shall specifythe amount of test
40、ing for available alkalies, reactivity withcement alkalies, drying shrinkage, and air-entrainment. Makeall other tests on regular or composite samples chosen asspecified in Table 1.CHEMICAL ANALYSIS10. General10.1 All apparatus, reagents and techniques shall complywith the requirements of Test Metho
41、ds C114.10.2 Purity of Water Unless otherwise indicated, refer-ences to water shall be understood to mean distilled water orwater of equal purity.MOISTURE CONTENT11. Procedure11.1 Dry a weighed sample, as received, to constant weightin an oven at 105 to 110 C (221 to 230 F).12. Calculation12.1 Calcu
42、late the percentage of moisture to the nearest0.1 %, as follows:Moisture content, %5A/B!3100 (1)where:A = mass loss during drying, andB = mass as received.LOSS ON IGNITION13. Procedure13.1 Determine loss on ignition in accordance with theprocedures outlined in Test Methods C114, except that themater
43、ial remaining from the determination of moisture contentshall be ignited to constant mass in an uncovered porcelain, notplatinum, crucible at 750 6 50 C (1382 6 190 F).14. Calculation14.1 Calculate the percentage of loss on ignition to thenearest 0.1, as follows:Loss on ignition, %5A/B!3100 (2)where
44、:A = loss in mass between 105 and 750 C (221 and 1382F),B = mass of moisture-free sample used.SILICON DIOXIDE, ALUMINUM OXIDE, IRON OXIDE,CALCIUM OXIDE, MAGNESIUM OXIDE, SULFURTRIOXIDE, SODIUM OXIDE AND POTASSIUM OXIDE15. Procedure15.1 Determine the percentages of these oxides as requiredin accordan
45、ce with the applicable sections of Test MethodsC114for materials having an insoluble residue greater than1%(Note 4). Analysts performing sodium oxide and potas-sium oxide determinations shall observe the precautions out-lined in the applicable section of Performance SpecificationC 1157 (refer to the
46、 section on Test Methods). Most pozzolansdissolve completely in lithium borate fluxes.NOTE 4Rapid and instrumental methods may be employed similar tothose in Test Methods C114and D 4326.AVAILABLE ALKALI16. Procedure16.1 Weigh 5.0 g of the sample and 2.0 g of hydrated limeon a piece of weighing paper
47、, carefully mix using a metalspatula, and transfer to a small plastic vial of approximately25-mL capacity. Add 10.0 mL of water to this mixture, seal thevial by securing the cap or lid to the vial with tape (Note 5),blend by shaking until the mixture is uniform, and store at38 6 2 C.NOTE 5To ensure
48、that moisture loss from the paste does not occur,place the sealed vial in a sealable container (such as a small sample ormason jar), add sufficient water to cover the bottom of the container, andseal.16.2 Open the vial at the age of 28 days and transfer thecontents to a 250-mL casserole. Break up an
49、d grind the cakewith a pestle, adding a small amount of water, if necessary, sothat a uniform slurry containing no lumps is obtained (Note 6).Add sufficient water to make the total volume 200 mL. LetC311053stand1hatroom temperature with frequent stirring. Filterthrough a medium-textured filter paper onto a 500-mL volu-metric flask. Wash thoroughly with hot water (eight to tentimes).NOTE 6At times it may be necessary to break the vial and peel off theplastic from the solid cake. In such cases, care should be exercised toavoid the loss of material and
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