1、Designation: C357 07 (Reapproved 2015)Standard Test Method forBulk Density of Granular Refractory Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining thebulk density of granular refractory materials, commercialproducts wh
3、ich usually have particles that are retained on a0.265-in. (6.7-mm) or coarser sieve.NOTE 1This test method is not suitable for materials that hydrate inboiling water.1.2 UnitsThe values stated in inch-pound units are to beregarded as standard. The values given in parentheses aremathematical convers
4、ions to SI units that are provided forinformation only and are not considered standard.1.2.1 ExceptionsIn Sections 4, 7, and 8, the apparatusused is only available in SI units.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsib
5、ility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSieves3. Significance and Use3.1 Granu
6、lar refractory materials may be either refractorygrain raw materials that are used in the manufacture of finishedrefractory products, or bulk granular refractory materials thatare sold, with or without some degree of processing, torefractory consumers for various uses. In either case, charac-terizin
7、g the properties of a granular refractory material isessential in evaluating its quality or consistency of quality andin determining suitability for end use. One of the importantproperties is bulk density because of its relationship to endproduct quality, usage, and performance.3.2 The refractories
8、producer can use this test method as oneof the quality-control tests for his manufactured or minedrefractory grain raw materials or for evaluating potentialrefractory grain raw materials.3.3 For the refractories consumer, the principal use of thistest method is in the evaluation of the quality or th
9、e consistencyof quality of the granular material in purchased refractorymixes or in bulk granular refractory materials used by theconsumer.3.4 This is a primary test method, and thus is suitable for usein specifications, quality control, and research and develop-ment. It can also serve as a referee
10、test method in purchasingcontracts or agreements and as a base for development of morerapid, secondary test methods for use in quality control onmanufactured refractory raw materials.3.5 Fundamental assumptions inherent in this test methodare that the sample is representative of the material in gene
11、ral,the particle size of the sample is within the range specified bythe test method, the material is not readily hydratable, and thesize and quantity of pores in the material permits removal ofsurface water without drainage from the pores themselves.Deviation from any of these assumptions negates th
12、e useful-ness of the test results.3.6 In interpreting the results of this test method, it must berecognized that the specific gravity of the material as well asthe porosity affects the value obtained for bulk density. Thus,comparisons of results should only be made between likematerials or with full
13、 recognition of inherent differencesbetween the materials being compared.4. Apparatus4.1 Laboratory Jaw Crusher or Rolls , for crushing samplesto pass a 0.265-in. (6.7-mm) sieve.4.2 Standard Sieves, 0.265-in. and No. 8 (2.36-mm) withPan and Cover (Note 2)The sieves shall conform to Speci-fication E1
14、1.4.2.1 The coarser sieve may be the No. 4 (4.75 mm) and thefiner sieve may be the No. 6 (3.35 mm) or No. 12 (1.70 mm),if tests indicate that the range in particle size is not critical.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of the ASTM Committee C08 onRefractories and is the direct responsibili
15、ty of Subcommittee C08.03 on PhysicalProperties.Current edition approved March 1, 2015. Published April 2015. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C35707 (2009)1.DOI: 10.1520/C0357-07R15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact
16、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1NOTE 2The 0.265-in., No. 4,
17、 No. 6, No. 8, and No. 12 ASTM sievesare equivalent to 3, 4, 6, 8, and 10-mesh, respectively, of the TylerStandard Series.34.3 Drying Oven, adjustable to 220 to 230F (105 to 110C).4.4 Riffle, with six or more12 to34-in. (13 to 19-mm)troughs with pans, or a smooth plate at least 15 in. (381 mm)square
18、 and a 300-mm blade spatula or trowel for samplequartering.4.5 Balance, capacity 200 g, sensitivity 0.01 g.4.6 Hot Plate.4.7 Beakers, 250 mL.4.8 Buret, 50 mL, calibrated to 0.1 mL.4.9 Le Chatelier Specific Gravity Bottle, 250 mL capacity.5. Test Samples5.1 The sample consists of at least 5.5 lb (2.5
19、 kg) carefullyselected to represent the material being tested.5.2 When possible, take three or more such samples torepresent proportionate parts of the material, and test theseseparately.6. Preparation of Test Sample6.1 Crush each sample when necessary and screen dry topass the 0.265-in. (6.7-mm) si
20、eve and be retained on the No. 8(2.36-mm) mesh sieve (Note 2). Take care to adjust the crusherso as to obtain some particles that will be retained on the0.265-in. sieve, thereby increasing the amount retained on thefiner sieve. The portion not passing the coarser sieve may berecrushed until it passe
21、s. The sieving may be carried out in amechanical device or by hand.6.2 After the sieving, treat various types of materials asfollows:6.2.1 With material that has been calcined and cooled notmore than 2 h prior to testing, blow free of dust with clean air(moisture- and oil-free).6.2.2 Wash other mate
22、rials in a stream of tap water for atleast 5 min or until all dust is removed. Oven-dry overnight at220 to 230F (105 to 110C).7. Procedure7.1 Divide the sample by quartering or riffling to obtain aportion for testing of about 25 cm3in bulk and weighingbetween 60 and 90 g, depending upon the bulk den
23、sity. Weighthis sample to the nearest 10 mg and record as the dry weight.7.2 Place the test sample in a beaker of water and boil for 1h during which the grains shall be completely covered withwater. Cool the sample to room temperature by running coldwater into the beaker or by a similar method.7.3 R
24、inse the clean buret (Note 3) thoroughly and introduceapproximately 25 mL of distilled water at room temperature.Allow it to stand until drops of water on the sides settle into thebody of liquid.NOTE 3Clean the burette or the Le Chatelier Specific Gravity Bottlefrequently with a good cleaning soluti
25、on such as liquid soap to ensurecomplete drainage without drops of water forming on the inside walls.7.3.1 Alternately rinse the clean specific gravity bottle andfill with distilled water at room temperature as close to the 0mark as possible. Allow it to stand until drops of water on thesides settle
26、 into the body of liquid. Take a clean piece of spongethat is hooked to a stainless steel or copper wire and is longenough to reach to the bottom of the straight section. Insert thesponge into the bottle and with circular motion try to mop upany excess water from the sides. Make sure that the sponge
27、surface does not touch the top of the water meniscus. Recordthe level of water in the bottle to the nearest 0.05 mL indicatingif the level is below or above the 0 mark. If the level is at 0mark then record that.7.4 Totally saturate blotting cloth (smooth linen or lint freecotton) with water, then ge
28、ntly wring out to a no-drip condi-tion. Spread out damp cloth (landscape orientation) and pourwet grain carefully onto cloth, with no loss of particles. With asmall metal spatula, spread grain over left half of cloth to asingle grain layer. Fold right half of cloth over top of grain andgently pat to
29、 blot, without abrading any grain edges if possible.Open cloth and, using edges, roll grain into center, then ontoleft half of cloth; repeat these steps as necessary until grainshave lost their sheen and no grains are adhering together. Careshould be taken to avoid excessive blotting that will induc
30、eerror by withdrawing water from the pores of the specimen.Open cloth and roll grain into center, using metal spatula toassist in grain transfer.7.5 Record the water meniscus level in the buret to thenearest 0.05 mL. Pour grains into the buret and shake so as tocause the grains and drops of water to
31、 submerge into the water,with no air bubbles attached. Read the new position on themeniscus to the nearest 0.05 mL without delay and record thedifference between the first and second readings as the volumeof the grains.7.5.1 Alternately pour grains into the specific gravity bottleslowly and shake sl
32、ightly so as to cause the grains and drops ofwater to submerge into the water, with no air bubbles attached.Read the new position on the meniscus to the nearest 0.05 mLwithout delay. If the original reading was above 0 then subtractthat from the second reading. If the original reading was below0 the
33、n add that to the second reading to obtain the volume ofthe grains.7.6 Test materials that may hydrate in boiling water forignition loss, to learn whether hydration has taken place. Usetwo portions of the sample, one taken immediately beforeboiling and the second after the volume measurement in theb
34、uret.8. Report8.1 State in the report how the sample (or samples) wastaken and the grain size limits employed. Divide the dry weight3World Screening, Suite 30148, Huntsville, AL 35802, Tel: 800-749-7999;Macon Wire, 2913 Joycliff Road, Macon, GA 31211, Tel: 800-768-9155; GilsonCompany, P.O. Box 200,
35、Lewis Center, OH 43035, Tel 800-444-1508, www.global-; Fisher Scientific, 2000 Park Lane, Pittsburgh, PA 15275, Tel.4124908300, .C357 07 (2015)2of the sample by the volume and report the bulk density asmegagrams per cubic metre. If more than one sample wastested, state the number and report the aver
36、age value as well asthe range between the highest and lowest values obtained.8.2 If the loss on ignition has been determined in accor-dance with 7.6, report the values for dry and volume-testedmaterial. When the loss for the boiled material is higher thanthat of the dry material by more than 0.50 %,
37、 the results shallbe discarded and the test method considered inapplicable.9. Precision and Bias9.1 Interlaboratory DataAn interlaboratory study wasconducted in 1990 in which a sample of tabular alumina wassplit and tested in five laboratories. Three operators in eachlaboratory tested the material f
38、our times each for a total oftwelve tests per laboratory.9.2 PrecisionPrecision and relative precision data at the95 % confidence level are given in Table 1.9.3 BiasNo justifiable statement on bias can be madesince the true value cannot be established by an acceptedreference method.10. Keywords10.1
39、blotting cloth; boiling; bulk density; buret; granularrefractor; material; non-hydratable; sheenASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determin
40、ation of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or wit
41、hdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that yo
42、ur comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (sin
43、gle or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright C
44、learance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ 1 Precision StatisticsPrecision:Average, x 3.53Standard within, Sr0.0164Deviation between, SR0.0182Repeatability interval, r 0.0459Reproducibility interval, R 0.0510Relative Precision:Average, x 3.53Coefficient of VariationWithin lab, Vr0.46Between lab, VR0.52Relative Repeatability, % r 1.30Relative Reproducibility, % R 1.45C357 07 (2015)3
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