1、Designation: C 361 08Standard Specification forReinforced Concrete Low-Head Pressure Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 361; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A numbe
2、r in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers reinforced concrete pipe in-tende
3、d to be used for the construction of pressure pipelineswith low internal hydrostatic heads generally not exceeding125 ft.1.2 This specification is the inch-pound companion toSpecification C 361; therefore, no SI equivalents are presentedin the specification.NOTE 1Field tests on completed portions of
4、 the pipeline are notcovered by this specification for the manufacture of the pipe but should beincluded in specifications for pipe laying.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A 27/A 27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, forGeneral ApplicationA 36/A 36M Specification for Carbon Structu
5、ral SteelA 82/A 82M Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Con-crete ReinforcementA 185/A 185M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Plain, for ConcreteA 283/A 283M Specification for Low and IntermediateTensile Strength Carbon Steel PlatesA 496/A 496M Specification for Steel Wire, De
6、formed, forConcrete ReinforcementA 497/A 497M Specification for Steel Welded Wire Rein-forcement, Deformed, for ConcreteA 575 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Merchant Qual-ity, M-GradesA 576 Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought,Special QualityA 615/A 615M Specification for Deforme
7、d and PlainCarbon-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA 675/A 675M Specification for Steel Bars, Carbon, Hot-Wrought, Special Quality, Mechanical PropertiesA 706/A 706M Specification for Low-Alloy Steel De-formed and Plain Bars for Concrete ReinforcementA 1008/A 1008M Specification for Steel, Sheet
8、, Cold-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy,High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved Formability, So-lution Hardened, and Bake HardenableA 1011/A 1011M Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip,Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structural, High-Strength Low-Alloy,High-Strength Low-Alloy with Improved F
9、ormability, andUltra-High StrengthC 31/C 31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete TestSpecimens in the FieldC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 260 Specification forAir-
10、EntrainingAdmixtures for Con-creteC 309 Specification for Liquid Membrane-Forming Com-pounds for Curing ConcreteC 497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sec-tions, or Tile MetricC 595 Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Poz
11、zolan for Use in ConcreteC 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC 1619 Specification for Elastomeric Seals for Joining Con-crete StructuresD 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 4253 Test Met
12、hods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD 4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density2.2 Other Standards:ACI Code 318 Standard Building Code Requirements forReinforced Concrete31This specification is un
13、der the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.04 on Low HeadPressure Pipe.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originallyapproved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C 361 051.2For referenced
14、ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, FarmingtonHi
15、lls, MI 48333-9094, http:/www.concrete.org.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.AISI-C 101243. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.4. Classification4.1 Pipe
16、manufactured according to this specification shallbe for hydrostatic heads of 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125 ft measuredto the centerline of the pipe. Designs are provided in Table 1for the above hydrostatic heads combined with external load-ings of 5, 10, 15, and 20 ft (designated A, B, C, and D in Table
17、1) of earth cover over the top of the pipe under specificinstallation conditions. The specific installation conditions arecovered in Appendix X1. Where the hydrostatic head, externalloadings, and installation conditions vary from those given inTable 1 andAppendix X1, detailed design calculations sha
18、ll bemade.The design criteria forTable 1 are presented inAppendixX2.5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 Acceptability of the pipe in all diameters and classesshall be determined by the results of such material tests as arerequired in 6.2 through 6.9 by crushing tests on cured concretecylinders, by hydrostatic
19、 pressure tests on units of the pipe, byjoint leakage tests, and by inspection during or after manufac-ture to determine whether the pipe conforms to this specifica-tion as to design and freedom from defects.5.2 Age for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the
20、requirements, as indi-cated by the specified tests.6. Materials6.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of portland cement, mineral aggregates, and water, inwhich steel has been embedded in such a manner that the steeland concrete act together. Fly ash or pozzolan is not prohibite
21、dwhen used as a partial cement replacement; see 9.1.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 Cement:6.2.1.1 Portland CementPortland cement shall conformto the requirements of Specification C 150.6.2.1.2 Blended Hydraulic CementBlended cement shallconform to the requirements of Specification C 595 for Type I
22、Sportland blast furnace slag cement or Type IP portland poz-zolan cement, except that the pozzolan constituent in the TypeIP portland pozzolan cement shall not exceed 20 % by weight.6.2.2 Fly Ash or PozzolanFly ash or pozzolan shallconform to the requirements of Specification C 618.6.2.3 Allowable C
23、ementitious MaterialsThe combinationof cementitious materials used in the concrete shall be one ofthe following:6.2.3.1 Portland cement only,6.2.3.2 Portland blast furnace slag cement only, or6.2.3.3 Portland pozzolan cement only.6.2.3.4 A combination of portland cement and fly ash orpozzolan, where
24、in the proportion of fly ash or pozzolan isbetween 5 and 20 % by weight of total cementitious material(portland cement plus fly ash or pozzolan).6.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to SpecificationC33, except that the requirements for grading are waived.6.4 AdmixturesAdmixtures, except for air-en
25、trainingagents, shall not be added to the concrete unless permitted bythe owner. At the option of the manufacturer, or if specified bythe owner, the concrete in precast concrete pipe placed by thecast-and-vibrated method shall contain an air-entraining agentconforming to Specification C 260. The amo
26、unt of air-entraining agent used shall be such as will affect the entrain-ment of not more than 3 % air by volume of concrete asdischarged from the mixer.6.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire conforming to Specification A 82/A 82M, SpecificationA 496/A 496M, or of wire reinforcem
27、ent conforming to Speci-fication A 185/A 185M or Specification A 497/A 497M,orofbars of Grades 40 or 60 steel conforming to SpecificationA 615/A 615M or of Grade 40 steel conforming to Specifica-tion A 36/A 36M, or Grade 60 steel conforming to Specifica-tion A 706/A 706M.6.6 Steel for Joint Rings:6.
28、6.1 Steel strips for bell rings less than14 in. thick shallconform to Grade SS30 of Specification A 1011/A 1011M orGrade Designation 1012 of Specification A 575. Steel thatmeets the requirements of AISI-C1012 for chemical compo-nents will be acceptable provided it conforms to Grade SS30 ofSpecificat
29、ion A 1011/A 1011M in other respects.6.6.2 Steel plate for bell rings14 in. or more in thickness andspecial shapes for spigot joint rings shall conform to Specifi-cation A 36/A 36M, or to Grade A of Specification A 283/A 283M, or to Grade Designation 1012 of SpecificationA 576,or to Grade 50 of Spec
30、ification A 675/A 675M. Steel thatmeets the requirements of AISI-C1012 for chemical compo-nents will be acceptable provided it conforms to SpecificationA 36/A 36M or to Specification A 283/A 283 Min other re-spects.6.7 Steel Castings for FittingsSteel castings for fittingsshall conform to Grade 70-3
31、6, Normalized, of SpecificationA 27/A 27M.6.8 Steel Plates and Sheets for Specials and FittingsSteel plates for specials and fittings shall conform to Specifi-cation A 36/A 36M or to Grade B or C of SpecificationA 283/A 283M or Grade SS30 or SS33 of SpecificationA 1011/A 1011M or Grade SS30 of Speci
32、fication A 1008/A 1008M.6.9 Rubber Gaskets:6.9.1 Composition and PropertiesAll rubber gaskets shallcomply with Specification C 1619 in terms of material andmanufacture. The gaskets shall be of a solid circular crosssection and shall be extruded or molded to the specified sizewithin a diametrical tol
33、erance of 6164 in. or 61.5 % of thediameter, whichever is larger.6.9.1.1 Standard Gasket RequirementsAll rubber gasketsshall meet the dimensions, tolerances, and physical require-ments of Specification C 1619, Class A.4Available from American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), 1140 ConnecticutAve., NW
34、, Suite 705, Washington, DC 20036, http:/www.steel.org.C3610826.9.1.2 Oil Resistant Gasket RequirementsAll rubber gas-kets shall meet the dimensions, tolerances, and physicalrequirements of Specification C 1619, Class B.6.9.1.3 Durometer HardnessThe shore durometer hard-ness shall be in the range of
35、 from 35 to 50 for concrete spigotsand 35 to 65 for steel spigots where the range includes theallowable variation 65 from the manufacturers specifiedhardness provided the actual hardness is within the limits of 35to 65.6.10 Gasket Lubricants:6.10.1 Where the joint design utilizing a rubber gasketdic
36、tates the use of a lubricant to facilitate assembly, thelubricant composition shall have no detrimental effect on theperformance of the gasket and joint due to prolonged exposure.6.10.2 StorageThe lubricant shall be stored in accordancewith the lubricant manufacturers recommended temperaturerange.6.
37、10.3 CertificationWhen requested by the owner, themanufacturer shall furnish written certification that the jointlubricant conforms to all requirements of this specification forthe specific gaskets supplied.6.10.4 MarkingThe following information shall beclearly marked on each container of lubricant
38、.6.10.4.1 Name of lubricant manufacturer.6.10.4.2 Usable temperature range for application and stor-age.6.10.4.3 Shelf life.6.10.4.4 Lot or batch number.7. Design7.1 Design TablesThe diameter, wall thickness, compres-sive strength of the concrete, and the area of circumferentialreinforcement shall b
39、e as prescribed for the classes of com-bined hydrostatic head and external loading given in Table 1subject to the provisions of 7.2, 7.4, 7.5, 10.3, 11.1, 11.2, and11.5.7.2 Modified and Special DesignManufacturers shall sub-mit to the owner, for approval prior to manufacture, detaileddesigns for loa
40、ding or installation conditions other than thoseshown in Table 1. Such pipe must meet all of the tests andperformance requirements specified by the owner in accor-dance with Section 5.7.3 Laying LengthsThe maximum laying lengths of pipeunits that will be acceptable are as follows and are subject tot
41、he provisions of 11.4:Internal Diameter of Pipe, in. Maximum Laying Length of Pipe, ft12 to 15 1218 1421 to 24 1627 to 30 1833 to 36 2039 and larger 247.4 Placement of ReinforcementThe circumferential rein-forcement shall be a single-cage circular, double-cage circular,or elliptical cage as shown in
42、 Table 1. Elliptical reinforcementwill be permitted for 25 and 50-ft head classes only and onlyin pipe 18 to 72 in. in diameter, inclusive. All pipe with a wallthickness of less than 314 in. shall be reinforced with either acircular cage or a single elliptical cage of steel as provided inTable 1.All
43、 pipe with wall thickness of 314 in. and greater shallbe reinforced with either two separate cages or a singleelliptical cage of steel as provided in Table 1, except that forpipe sizes 36 in. and less with wall thicknesses equal to orgreater than 314 in., a single circular cage is not prohibited ift
44、he steel area is equal to or greater than the least area shown fora single circular cage for that particular class of pipe. The areasof circumferential reinforcement shown in Table 1 are thedesign requirements for each of the wall thicknesses shown inthe table. Where single-cage circular reinforceme
45、nt is used, thecenter-line of the reinforcement shall be placed from 40 to50 % of the wall thickness from the inner surface of the pipe,provided that the minimum concrete cover specified belowshall be maintained. Where two separated circular cages ofreinforcement are used, the inner and outer cages
46、shall beplaced so that the concrete cover, measured radially, over thecircumferential reinforcement will be as follows:Pipe Diameter, in. Minimum Cover, in. Maximum Cover, in.45 and less34 148 through 6034 11863 through 6934 11472 through 108 1 1127.4.1 These limits on minimum and maximum cover area
47、pplicable to elliptical steel at the horizontal and vertical axesof the pipe. The circumferential reinforcement at each end ofthe pipe unit shall consist of one complete coil or ring in whichthe end is lapped or welded as prescribed in 7.6. The cleardistance of the end coil or ring shall not be less
48、 than12 in. ormore than 1 in. from the end of the pipe unit, except thisrequirement does not apply to the inner layer of circumferentialreinforcement in joints utilizing steel bell and spigot rings,provided that the clear distance restrictions will not apply for adistance of 20 bar diameters measure
49、d circumferentially fromthe end of the lap or weld.7.4.2 A cage of circumferential reinforcement with Table 1areas greater than 0.45 in.2/linear ft of pipe shall be composedof one or two layers of reinforcement, and cage areas greaterthan 0.90 in.2/linear ft of pipe shall be composed of one, two,or three layers. The layers shall not be separated by more thanthe thickness of one longitudinal plus14 in. The layers shall befastened together to form a single rigid cage. Where inner andouter cages are used, the minimum clear spacing between th
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