1、Designation: C411 17Standard Test Method forHot-Surface Performance of High-Temperature ThermalInsulation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C411; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determinati
3、on of the perfor-mance of commercial sizes of both block and pipe forms ofthermal insulating materials when exposed to simulated hot-surface application conditions. The term “hot-surface perfor-mance” has reference to a simulated use-temperature test inwhich the heated testing surface is in a horizo
4、ntal position.1.2 This test method refers primarily to high-temperatureinsulations that are applicable to hot-side temperatures inexcess of 150F (66C). It is used for materials such aspreformed insulations, insulating cements, blankets, and thelike, by proper laboratory preparation of the samples.1.
5、3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associ
6、ated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally reco
7、gnized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C167 Test Methods fo
8、r Thickness and Density of Blanket orBatt Thermal InsulationsC168 Terminology Relating to Thermal InsulationC356 Test Method for Linear Shrinkage of Preformed High-Temperature Thermal Insulation Subjected to SoakingHeat3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsTerminology C168 shall apply to the termsused in thi
9、s test method.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 sag, nthe extent of thickness loss of pipe insulation,at the top longitudinal center, due to material fatigue ordecomposition due to elevated temperature.4. Significance and Use4.1 Performance in service is the final measure of v
10、alue fora thermal insulation, but simulative service tests give usefulindications. One type involves application for a specified timeto a surface heated at a temperature approximately that ofintended service, and noting during the test and afterward,changes in the material and its properties. Measur
11、ement ofthese changes are used for predicting what occurs in service asa result of exposure to temperatures corresponding to those ofthe tests.5. Apparatus5.1 Heating PlateThe heating plate shall consist of acorrosion-resistant and heat-resistant plate with a preferredexposed test area of 36 by 18 i
12、n. (914 by 457 mm), but havinga minimum test area of 18 by 18 in. (457 by 457 mm). Theheated area shall have an insulated, heated guard area having aminimum width of 3 in. (76 mm) around the entire periphery ofthe test area. The plate shall be supported in a horizontal planeat a sufficient number of
13、 points to prevent sagging. It shall beheated on the under side by gas or electricity. The surfacetemperature of the plate shall be measured by not less than fivethermocouples. Four of the thermocouples shall be locatedalong the diagonals that extend from the corners of the exposedarea of the plate
14、and at a distance of 6 in. (152 mm) in fromeach corner. A fifth thermocouple shall be located near the1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C16 on ThermalInsulation and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C16.31 on Chemical andPhysical Properties.Current edition appro
15、ved Oct. 1, 2017. Published November 2017. Originallyapproved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C411 11. DOI:10.1520/C0411-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vo
16、lume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on sta
17、ndardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1center of the test plate area. The temperature at no point ofmeasurement shall vary mor
18、e than 65%or625F (614C),whichever is less, from the desired temperature. A heatingchamber beneath the heating plate shall be formed to retain theheat generated by the heating means. A 6-in. thickness ofinsulation shall form the bottom and the sides, and the heatingplate shall form the top of the cha
19、mber. Two suitable types ofheating plates are shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.5.2 Heating PipeThe heating pipe shall consist of acorrosion-resistant and heat-resistant pipe having a length ofnot less than 3 ft (0.9 m) and preferably 6 ft 6 in. (1.98 m). Itshall be supported horizontally. The nominal diam
20、eter of thepipe shall preferably be 3 in. (76 mm). The pipe shall be heatedelectrically with a spiral heating coil placed along the inside ofthe pipe. Supplementary end heaters, and a guard section atleast 3 in. long of the same insulation as that being placed onthe test section, shall also be provi
21、ded to guard againstexcessive losses from the ends of the test specimen. (Wherepossible, the use of standard thermal conductivity pipe testapparatus to serve as the heating pipe is recommended.) Thesurface temperature of the pipe shall be measured by means ofthermocouples, not less than one for each
22、 1 ft (0.3 m) of lengthof the test specimen, and located spirally around the pipe at 90intervals. The test portion of the pipe shall be that area undera full length of a pipe insulation undergoing test. The tempera-ture at any point of measurement on the test portion shall notvary more than 65%or625
23、F (614C), whichever is less,from the desired temperature.5.3 Temperature MeasurementThermocouples shall beused to measure the surface temperature of the heating plateand the heating pipe. They shall be applied either by peeningthe individual wires into small holes drilled into the surface andseparat
24、ed by not more than18 in. (3 mm) or by joining thewires with a welded bead and cementing them in grooves withthe bead tangent to the surface but not projecting above it. Thethermocouples shall be made from wires having a size notgreater than No. 22Awg (0.644 mm), and preferably not largerthan No. 26
25、 Awg (0.405 mm). The combination of thethermocouple and measuring instrument used shall ensure anaccuracy of temperature measurement of 61%.NOTE 1This requires different thermocouples and measuring instru-ments for high-temperature tests than for moderate-temperature tests.5.4 Straightedge and RuleA
26、 straightedge having a lengthof at least 36 in. (0.9 m) and a small rule divided in164 or110of 1 in. shall be used to determine warpage.in.mm18314612133419125112382512126421116683128941024111611951271333015123941743218457297373076231787431092451143FIG. 1 Type A Heating Plate for Hot-Surface Performa
27、nce TestC411 1726. Sampling and Preparation of Test Specimens6.1 All samples that are required to complete the tests shallbe selected at one time and in such a manner so as to be fullyrepresentative of the average of the material. Test specimensfor any one test condition shall be selected from the o
28、riginalsample lot so as to be as representative as possible. The testspecimens shall be commercial pieces. For pipe insulation, thefull-size, commercial pipe sections shall be selected. Anydiameter pipe insulation for which equipment is available ispotentially tested. However, only pipe insulation o
29、f 3-in.(76-mm) nominal inside diameter need to be tested.7. Procedure7.1 Use the heating plate for testing the flat or block form ofinsulation. Use the heating pipe for pipe insulation. Thethickness of the layers in multilayer insulation and the totalthickness of insulation applied to the hot surfac
30、e for a test shallbe that recommended by the manufacturer for the temperatureof the hot surface in question, or as agreed between themanufacturer and the purchaser. When multi-layer applicationsare to be tested, stagger each joint between adjacent test piecesin the same layer with respect to the joi
31、nt in the next layer.Equally dispose about that joint the test piece in the next layerthat covers a joint of the preceding layer.7.2 Assembly of Specimen on Heating PlateSpecimens fortesting on a heating plate shall be 6 by 18 in. (152 by 457 mm)with the thickness as described in 7.1. Check each blo
32、ck forflatness and measure and record any initial warpage. Cover thetest area of the heating plate with the test blocks. If any blockshave initial warpage, place the concave face toward the hot316 in. = 4.8 mm1 ft = 305 mm24 in. = 610 mm42 in. = 1067 mmNOTE 1Thermocouple leads to temperature control
33、ler.FIG. 2 Type B Heating Plate for Hot-Surface Performance TestC411 173side. Apply additional layers to the first layers when necessaryto give the total required thickness.7.3 Assembly of Specimen on Heating PipeApply a fulllength of pipe insulation to the test pipe. If the test pipe islonger than
34、the specimen, the latter can advantageously becentered on the pipe and the ends covered with sawed lengthsof the insulation being tested so as to help guard the full lengthspecimen from end losses. The thickness of the test specimenshall be as required in 7.1.Apply additional layers of insulationas
35、necessary to give the required total thickness. Apply thevarious layers of insulation and secure tightly around the pipeby the usual recommended practice.7.3.1 Specimen shall be mounted using aluminum bands orwiring, which shall be tightened until snug. Three bands shallbe used. Band positions shall
36、 be at 3, 18, and 33 in. (76, 457,and 838 mm) from the end of the 36 in. (914 mm) longspecimen.7.3.2 When the sag measurement is required by the materialspecification, measure the starting thickness using a pin gage,as described by Test Method C167. The pin gage shall bevertically inserted through t
37、he top longitudinal center of theinsulation to obtain tip contact with the pipe surface. The pingage shall be read with a steel rule to the nearest132 in. (1 mm).Using the center band 18 in. (457 mm) as a reference point,measure the starting thickness at 2, 5, and 10 in. (51, 127, 254mm) from center
38、 band in both directions.7.4 Use the appropriate heat-up procedure as specified in thematerial standard. If a heat-up procedure is not specified in thematerial standard, the heat-up procedure in 7.4.1 shall be used.7.4.1 Start the test with the heating surface at room tem-perature. The average tempe
39、rature rise shall not exceed300F/hr (167C/hr) as described in Test Method C356.7.4.2 For materials that require a heat-up schedule, start thetest with the heating surface at room temperature. Follow thetime-temperature recommendations of the manufacturer forheat-up.7.4.3 For materials that require t
40、he test to begin on apreheated test apparatus (slap-on), use a sacrificial piece of thetest material to bring the test equipment to the target tempera-ture. Once the target temperature has been reached, remove andrapidly replace the sacrificial piece with the test specimen tobegin test.7.5 During th
41、e heating period, make qualitative observa-tions to detect visible evidence of flaming, glowing,smoldering, and smoking.After the hot surface has reached thedesired test temperature, begin a period of exposure of 96 h.Atthe completion of the test period, turn off the source of heat andallow the asse
42、mbly to cool to about room temperature beforeany specimens are removed.NOTE 2Ambient conditions on the exposed surface of the testinsulation shall be at room temperature.7.6 After test and prior to removal, examine the specimensvery carefully to detect any tendency toward cracking. Note thenumber of
43、 cracks and the extent or depth of cracking.Also noteany tendency toward delamination. Record other discerniblechanges, such as any evidence of melting, flaming, glowing,smoldering, or smoking that can be observed by visual inspec-tion.7.6.1 WarpageMeasure the block or pipe specimens forwarpage by p
44、lacing a straightedge along the length of the blockor pipe and measuring the maximum warpage at the center ofthe specimen with a steel rule.7.6.2 SagThe sag measurement portion of C411 is re-quired only when specifically mentioned by a material stan-dard. When the sag measurement is specifically req
45、uired by thematerial specification, the thickness shall be measured beforethe beginning of the C411 hot surface testing and before thespecimens are removed at the end of the C411 hot surfacetesting. Measure final thickness of pipe insulation using a pingage, as described by Test Method C167. The pin
46、 gage shall bevertically inserted through the top longitudinal center of theinsulation to obtain tip contact with the pipe surface. The pingage shall be read with a steel rule to the nearest132 in. (1 mm).Using the center band 18 in. (457 mm) as a reference point,measure the final thickness at 2, 5,
47、 and 10 in. from center bandin both directions8. Calculation8.1 Calculate the amount of warpage due to heating asfollows:W 5 W22 W1(1)where:W = warpage developed during the test, in in. (or mm),(measured in accordance with 7.6),W1= initial measured warpage, in in. (or mm), andW2= final measured warp
48、age, in in. (or mm).8.2 Calculate the amount of thickness sag as follows:% Change 5 t12 t2! / t1! 3 100 (2)where:t1= starting thickness (average of 6)t2= final thickness (average of 6)9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Name and any other identification of the materialtested,9.1.2 Ki
49、nd of insulation tested, sectional, segmental, orblock,9.1.3 Number of layers of insulation applied,9.1.4 Size and thickness of each layer,9.1.5 Details of application,9.1.6 Temperature of test,9.1.7 Warpage,9.1.8 Sag (average of 6),9.1.9 Extent of cracking,9.1.10 Amount of delamination,9.1.11 Other visible changes,9.1.12 Any evidence of flaming, glowing, smoldering,smoking, melting or dripping, and9.1.13 Details of any heat up schedule if used and whetherspecimen was applied to a cold or hot surface.C411 17410. Precision and Bias10.1
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