1、Designation: C452 15Standard Test Method forPotential Expansion of Portland-CementMortars Exposed to Sulfate1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C452; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This test method, which is applicable only to portlandcements, covers the determination of the expansion of mortarbars ma
3、de from a mixture of portland cement and gypsum insuch proportions that the mixture has a sulfur trioxide (SO3)content of 7.0 mass %.1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; th
4、erefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard. Values in SI units or inch-pound units shallbe obtained by measurement in SI units or inch pound unitsor by appropriate conversion, using the Rules for C
5、onversionand Rounding given in IEEE/ASTM SI 10, of measurementsmade in other units (or SI units). Values are stated in only SIunits when inch-pound units are not used in practice.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is therespon
6、sibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.WarningFresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are causticand may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue uponprolonged exposure.22. Refer
7、enced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C150 Specification for Portland CementC219 Terminology Relating to Hydraulic CementC230/C230M Specification for Flow Table for Use in Testsof Hydraulic Ce
8、mentC305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic CementPastes and Mortars of Plastic ConsistencyC471M Test Methods for ChemicalAnalysis of Gypsum andGypsum Products (Metric)C490 Practice for Use of Apparatus for the Determination ofLength Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, andConcreteC511
9、Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets,Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in theTesting of Hydraulic Cements and ConcretesC778 Specification for SandC1005 Specification for Reference Masses and Devices forDetermining Mass and Volume for Use in the PhysicalTesting of Hydraulic CementsD
10、1193 Specification for Reagent WaterIEEE/ASTM SI 10 Practice for Use of the InternationalSystem of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, referto Terminology C219.4. Interferences4.1 This test method is not suitable
11、for establishing thesulfate resistance of blended hydraulic cements nor for com-binations of portland cement and pozzolans or slag cement(Note 1).NOTE 1The main increase in sulfate resistance provided by blendedhydraulic cements, pozzolans and slag cement occurs when concrete isexposed after the poz
12、zolans or slag cement have had time to react.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method is used primarily by those interested inresearch on methods for determining the potential sulfateresistance of portland cement. This test method is also used toestablish that a sulfate-resisting portland cement
13、meets theperformance requirements of Specification C150.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cementand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.29 on Sulfate Resistance.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2015. Published August 2015. Originallyapproved in 1960. L
14、ast previous edition approved in 2010 as C452/C452M 10.DOI: 10.1520/C0452_C0452M-15.2Section on Safety, Manual of Cement Testing, Annual Book of ASTMStandards, Vol 04.01.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annu
15、al Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16. Apparatus
16、6.1 Weights and Weighing Devices, conforming to the re-quirements of Specification C1005.6.2 Flow Table, conforming to the requirements of Specifi-cation C230/C230M.6.3 Mixer, Bowl, and Paddle, conforming to the require-ments of Practice C305.6.4 Trowel and Tamper, conforming to the requirements ofT
17、est Method C109/C109M.6.5 Glass Graduates, Molds, and Length Comparator, con-forming to the requirements of Practice C490.7. Temperature and Humidity7.1 Molding Room, Dry Materials, and Mixing WaterMaintain the temperature of the molding room, dry materials,and mixing water at 23.0 6 4.0C 73.5 6 7F
18、and the relativehumidity of the molding room at not less than 50 %.7.2 Moist Cabinet or Room, conforming to the requirementsof Specification C511.8. Materials8.1 Use graded sand that conforms to Specification C778Table 1 Standard Sand Requirements for making the testmortar.8.2 For the gypsum additio
19、n to portland cement, use highgrade natural gypsum4with 100 % passing the 150 m (No.100) sieve, at least 94 % passing the 75 m (No. 200) sieve,and at least 90 % passing the 45 m (No. 325) sieve. Calculatethe percentage of cement and gypsum required to provide amixture containing 7.0 mass % SO3as fol
20、lows:Cement, % 5 g 2 7.0!/g 2 c!# 3100 (1)Gypsum, % 5 7.0 2 c!/g 2 c!# 3100 (2)where:c =SO3content of the portland cement, %,g =SO3content of the gypsum, %, and7.0 = SO3content of the cement-gypsum mixture, %.8.3 If the SO3content of the gypsum is unknown, analyzethe gypsum for SO3content using Test
21、 Methods C471M.Determine the SO3content to the nearest 0.1 %.8.4 Purity of WaterUnless otherwise indicated, referencesto water mean reagent water conforming to Type IV ofSpecification D1193.9. Number and Dimensions of Test Specimens9.1 Make six 25 by 25 by 285 mm or 1 by 1 by 1114-in.test specimens,
22、 three from each of two batches, for eachcement.9.2 In routine tests, 25 by 25 by 160 mm or 1 by 1 by614-in. specimens may be used, but in case of dispute, resultsobtained with 25 by 25 by 285 mm or 1 by 1 by 1114-in.specimens govern.10. Preparing Specimen Molds10.1 Prepare the molds in accordance w
23、ith Practice C490.11. Proportioning, Consistency, and Mixing of Mortar11.1 Use 400 g (cement plus gypsum) and 1100 g of sandfor each batch. Use 194 mL of mixing water for all non-air-entraining portland cements, and 184 mL of mixing water forall air-entraining portland cements.11.2 Mix the mortar ac
24、cording to the procedure for mixingmortars of Practice C305, except after placing the mixing waterin the bowl, add the gypsum and mix at the slow speed for 15 s,then stop the mixer, add the cement, and continue as prescribedin Practice C305.12. Procedure12.1 Molding Test Specimens:12.1.1 Immediately
25、 upon completion of the flow test, returnthe mortar to the bowl, scrape down into the batch any mortaron the side of the bowl, and remix at the medium speed (2856 10 r/min) for 15 s. Remove the paddle and the bowl from themixer and shake the excess mortar from the paddle into thebowl. Fill the mold
26、in two layers, each layer being compactedwith the tamper. Work the mortar into the corners, around thegauge studs, and along the surfaces of the mold with the tamperuntil a homogeneous specimen is obtained. After the top layerhas been compacted, cut the mortar off flush with the top of themold and s
27、mooth the surface with a few strokes of the trowel.12.2 Storage of Test Specimens:12.2.1 Initial StorageCure the specimens in the molds inthe moist closet at 23 6 2C 73.5 6 3.5F for 22 to 23 h.Then remove them from the molds, properly identify, and placein water at 23 6 2C 73.5 6 3.5F for at least 3
28、0 min priorto making the initial length measurement.12.2.2 Subsequent StorageAfter the bars have been re-moved from the molds and measured, store them horizontallyin water at 23 6 2C 73.5 6 3.5F. Store the specimens withat least 6 mm 14-in. clearance on all sides except for thenecessary supports. Co
29、ver the specimens with at least 13 mm12 in. of water. Use a volume of water that does not exceed5 times the volume of the bars to prevent excessive leaching.Replenish the water with fresh water every 7 days for the first28 days and every 28 days thereafter.13. Length Measurement13.1 Measure the spec
30、imens for length by means of thelength comparator. Remove them from the water storage, oneat a time, and wipe with a damp cloth before measuring.13.2 Make the first reading at the age of 24 h 6 15 min fromthe time the cement and water are mixed together. Measure thespecimen again at the age of 14 da
31、ys.NOTE 2Additional information of value may be obtained by returningthe specimen to water storage after the 14-day test and making additional4The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this timeis TerraAlba No. 1, available from the U.S. Gypsum Co., Southard, OK plant. If
32、youare aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTMInternational Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at ameeting of the responsible technical committee,1which you may attend.C452 152measurements at later ages.14. Calculation14.1 Calculate the dif
33、ference in length of the specimen at24 h and at 14 days to the nearest 0.001 % of the effectivegauge length and report as the expansion of the specimen atthat period. All specimens remaining after 14 days mustcomprise a set having at least three specimens with a permis-sible range depending on the n
34、umber of the remainingspecimens, as follows:No. of Specimens Maximum Permissible Range, %3 0.01040.15 0.0126 0.01215. Report15.1 Report the average of the specimens comprising the setto the nearest 0.001 %.16. Precision and Bias16.1 Precision:16.1.1 The single-operator standard deviation has beenfou
35、nd to be: 0.003 % for expansions between 0.01 and 0.04 %.Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests by the sameoperator on the same material should not differ from each otherby more than 0.009 %.16.1.2 The multilaboratory standard deviation has beenfound to be 0.005 % for expansions between
36、0.01 and 0.04 %.Therefore, results of two properly conducted tests on the samematerial in two different laboratories should not differ fromeach other by more than 0.014 %.16.1.3 The precision of this test method has been evaluatedby cooperative testing.516.2 BiasSince there is no accepted reference
37、materialsuitable for determining the bias for this test method, nostatement on bias is being made.17. Keywords17.1 calcium sulfate; expansion; gypsum; portland cement;sulfate resistanceFor additional useful information on details of cement test methods, reference may be made to the “Manual of Cement
38、Testing,” which appears in the Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.SUMMARY OF CHANGESCommittee C01 has identified the location of selected changes to this standard since the last issue(C452/C452M 10) that may impact the use of this standard. (Approved Aug. 1, 2015.)(1) Added Section 3.(2) Added
39、 Terminology C219 to Section 2.(3) Added Section 4.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent righ
40、ts, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for
41、revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing
42、you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may
43、be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the Copyright Clearance Center, 222Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: (978) 646-2600; http:/ data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and maybe obtained by requesting Research Report RR:C01-1004.C452 153
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