1、Designation: C 459 97 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Methods forAsbestos-Cement Flat Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 459; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n
2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover only asbestos-cement flatshee
3、ts, roofing shingles, siding shingles, and clapboards.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.3 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstrated healthrisks for us
4、ers and for those with whom they come into contact.In addition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products, minimize the dust that results. For informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltile asbestos, refer to “Safe Useof Chrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventive and ControlMeasu
5、res.”21.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a sp
6、ecificsafety hazard, see 1.3.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E 177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test Methods3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 deflectionthe linear distance that a test specimenbends at the center from no load to maximum breaking loadwhen loaded
7、 as a beam with the load applied equally andsimultaneously at both one-third points of the span.3.1.2 flexural strengththe average breaking load in new-tons (or lbf) of dried specimens loaded as simple beams on aspan of 254 mm (10 in.) with the load applied equally andsimultaneously at both one-thir
8、d points of the span.4. Sampling4.1 From each shipment or fraction thereof representing aproduct of the same kind, a number of sheets or units shall beselected at random. Table 1 and Table 2 show the number ofsheets or units to be selected from shipments of various sizes.5. Preparation of Test Speci
9、mens5.1 Flat SheetsCut a pair of specimens, each 6 6116 in.(152 6 1.6 mm) in width and 12 6116 in. (305 6 1.6 mm) inlength, from the interior area of each sample sheet in such amanner that no edge of a specimen is less than 3 in. (76 mm)from the original edges of the sheet. The longer dimension ofon
10、e of the specimens of each pair shall be parallel to the lengthof the sheet (that is, parallel with the fiber lay), and that of theother shall be at right angles to it. (WarningSee 1.3.)5.2 Roofing Shingles, Siding Shingles, and ClapboardsCut a single specimen 6 6116 in. (152 6 1.6 mm) in width and1
11、2 6116 in. (305 6 1.6 mm) in length from each unit. Cut onehalf of the specimens in such a manner that the 12-in.(304.8-mm) dimension of each specimen is parallel to one edgeof the shingle or clapboard unit; cut one half of the specimensat a right angle thereto. Where the shingle or clapboard unitsh
12、ave one dimension less than 12 in., cut all specimens with the12-in. dimension of each specimen parallel to the long dimen-sion of the shingle or clapboard unit.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 onFiber-Reinforced Cement Products and are the direct responsibility o
13、f Subcommit-tee C17.03 on Asbestos-Cement Sheet Products and Accessories.Current edition approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originallyapproved in 1960. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 459 97 (2002)e1.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit
14、 the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.TABLE 2 Sampling Plan for Roofing Shingles, Siding Shingles,and ClapboardsNumber of Unitsin Shipme
15、ntNumber of Unitsto Be Selectedas SamplesA8 000 and under 108 001 to 64 000 2064 001 to 216 000 30216 001 to 512 000 40512 001 to 1 000 000 50AAdditional units may be taken at the discretion of the inspector.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
16、28-2959, United States.5.3 Do not test cracked or otherwise damaged specimens,but obtain substitute specimens.6. Flexural Strength and Deflection Tests6.1 Significance and Use:6.1.1 Flexural StrengthThis is a routine test. The valuesrecorded are applicable only to the product being tested. Thebreaki
17、ng loads specified should be maintained or exceeded toensure successful use.6.1.2 DeflectionThis is not commonly a routine test, but isa reference or referee test. The values recorded are not relative,but are applicable only to the product being tested. The greaterthe deflection, provided the flexur
18、al strength is satisfactory, thelower the breakage hazard will be in use. The limits chosen inthe material specifications are arbitrary, and are based uponexperience.6.2 Procedure:6.2.1 Dry each specimen to constant weight in a ventilatedoven at a temperature of 100 to 105C (212 to 220F), and coolto
19、 room temperature in a desiccator or desiccator-type cabinet.Record the dry weight of each cooled specimen. Determine theflexural strength of each specimen by placing the specimen onsupports that cannot exert longitudinal constraint rocker-typebearing edges or rollers witha3mm(18-in.) minimum and 13
20、mm (12-in.) maximum radius and applying the load equallyand simultaneously at both one-third points of the span throughsimilar edges, bearing against the finished surface of thespecimen. The test span shall be 254 6 1.6 mm (10 6116 in.),and the load lines and ups shall be parallel. Mount a dialmicro
21、meter reading to 0.25 mm (0.01 in.), or an equallysensitive apparatus, to bear on the specimen at midspan, todetermine the deflection of the specimen at the center of thetest span. Increase the load applied at a uniform rate such aswill result in failure of the specimen in approximately 1 min.The er
22、ror in the load reading shall not exceed 2.2 N (0.5 lbf) forloads up to 200 N (50 lbf); for greater loads, the error shall notexceed 1 % of the maximum load.6.3 Calculation and ReportReport flexural strength anddeflection as required by the appropriate specification.6.4 Precision and Bias:6.4.1 Flex
23、ural Strength:6.4.1.1 PrecisionThe single-apparatus multi-operator pre-cision is 66.1 % (two sigma limits) as defined in PracticeE 177 over the range from 150 to 702 N.6.4.1.2 BiasResults averaged 9 % lower than those ob-tained with mid-span loading methods.6.4.2 Deflection:6.4.2.1 PrecisionThe sing
24、le-apparatus multi-operator pre-cision is 67.3 % (two sigma limits) as defined in PracticeE 177 over the range from 2 to 8 mm.6.4.2.2 BiasResults averaged 3.9 % lower than thoseobtained by mid-span loading methods.7. Water Absorption Test7.1 Significance and Use:7.1.1 This is a routine test. The val
25、ues are relative. The testis made to determine uniformity of the product. The materialspecification values are arbitrarily chosen to describe theproduct. While there may be a relationship between waterabsorption and the ability of the product to resist deteriorationresulting from freezing and thawin
26、g, the material specificationvalues have not been based upon such data.7.2 Water Absorption Determination:7.2.1 Submerge the specimens that have been used in theflexural strength test for 24 612 h in clean water at 60 to 80F(15.5 to 26.5C).7.2.2 Remove each specimen from the water, wipe with adamp c
27、loth, and weigh separately on a scale accurate to 0.5 %.7.2.3 Report the water absorption as the average value forall specimens tested. Calculate the water absorption value foreach specimen as follows:Water absorption, weight % 5 Ws2 Wd!/Wd# 3 100 (1)where:Ws= saturated weight of specimen, andWd= dr
28、y weight of specimen.7.3 Precision and Bias:7.3.1 PrecisionThe multi-apparatus multi-operator preci-sion is 64.9 % (two sigma limits) as defined in Practice E 177over the range from 11 to 36 % moisture.7.3.2 BiasNo significant bias is observed when averageresults are compared with those of another t
29、est method usingArchimedes principle.8. Dimensional Measurements8.1 Significance and Use:8.1.1 These are routine measurements for determiningwhether the length and width of the individual units are asordered, to ensure that they fit together properly in application,and to determine the uniformity of
30、 the specified thickness. Indetermining the thickness of siding shingles, many of whichhave a textured or granuled surface, a metal plate is placedadjacent to the textured surface, and the micrometer readingsare taken on the combined thickness of the shingle and themetal plate. The purpose is to obt
31、ain a more accurate overallthickness measurement of the textured or granuled shingle.This would be rather difficult to do, in many cases, because ofsurface irregularities were the plate not used.8.2 Procedure for Thickness Measurements:8.2.1 Flat SheetsMeasure each test specimen for thick-ness, usin
32、g a micrometer caliper having flat anvils approxi-mately14 in. (6.3 mm) in diameter and reading to 0.001 in.(0.0254 mm). Make four measurements on each specimen atthe approximate mid-point of each edge of the specimen, andat least12 in. (13 mm) in from the edge.TABLE 1 Sampling Plan for Flat SheetsN
33、umber of Sheetsin ShipmentNumber of Sheetsto Be Selectedas SamplesA500 and under 3501 to 1000 51001 to 1728 61729 to 2744 72745 to 4096 84097 to 5832 95833 to 8000 10AAdditional sheets may be taken at the discretion of the inspector.C 459 97 (2006)28.2.2 Roofing Shingles, Siding Shingles, and Clapbo
34、ardsMeasure the thickness of each test specimen by placing asmooth metal plate of uniform thickness with dimensionsapproximately164 by 4 by 4 in. (0.4 by 102 by 102 mm),against the finished, textured, or weather-exposed surface ofthe specimen. Using a micrometer caliper reading to 0.001 in.(0.025 mm
35、), measure the overall thickness of the metal plateand specimen at the approximate mid-point of each edge of thespecimen and at least12 in. (12.7 mm) from the edge of thespecimen.8.3 Calculation and Report:8.3.1 Flat SheetsAverage the four measurements andrecord as the specimen thickness.8.3.2 Roofi
36、ng Shingles, Siding Shingles, and ClapboardsSubtract the measured thickness of the metal plate from eachmeasurement and average four measurements to give thespecimen thickness.8.4 Precision and Bias:8.4.1 PrecisionThe multi-apparatus multi-operator preci-sion is 62.2 % (two sigma limits) as defined
37、in Practice E 177over the range from 3.9 to 11.1 mm.8.4.2 BiasNo significant bias is observed when comparedagainst other procedures that make use of metal plates to seatthe micrometer anvils.9. Keywords9.1 asbestos; asbestos-cement; clapboards; flat sheets;sheeting; shingles; siding; siding shingles
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39、 entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standar
40、dsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committ
41、ee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).C 459 97 (2006)3
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