1、Designation: C 482 02 (Reapproved 2009)Standard Test Method forBond Strength of Ceramic Tile to Portland Cement Paste1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 482; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the determination of the abilityof glazed ceramic wall tile, ceramic mosaic tile, quarry
3、 tile, andpavers to be bonded to portland cement paste. This test methodincludes both face-mounted and back-mounted tile.1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information
4、onlyand are not considered standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limi
5、tations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C 150 Specification for Portland CementC 185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic CementMortarC 207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur-posesC 242 Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and RelatedProducts3. Terminology3.1 De
6、finitions:3.1.1 For definitions of the types of tile listed in 1.1, refer toTerminology C 242.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method consists of bonding tile under con-trolled conditions to a pure portland cement paste bond coat,supported by a cement mortar bed.4.2 After proper cure of the te
7、st assembly, a load is appliedto one edge of the tile and the load increased at a definite rateuntil the bond between tile and bond coat is broken.4.3 Because the laboratory method of applying shear stressrapidly loads both tile and setting bed in compression, astronger than normal setting bed for t
8、he test specimens isspecified. This avoids failure of the setting bed before thedesired failure at the tile-bond coat interface occurs. In real tileinstallations with portland cement paste an entirely differentloading mechanism, usually generated primarily by shrinkingof the setting bed or structura
9、l backing, results in mild tensionin setting bed and mild compression in the tile, but the sametype of shear stress occurs between tile and bond coat as doesin response to the laboratory loading method. The finding of anadequate bond strength under the conditions of this test methodcan be taken as p
10、roof that the tested tile could be permanentlybonded in a properly installed conventional installation usingthe lean, low-shrinkage mortars customarily specified for thisparticular purpose.4.4 To maintain practical sample size and limit maximumbreaking load, tile larger than nominal 414 in. (108 mm)
11、 on aside must be cut to 4 in. (102 mm).5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means of determiningwhether or not tile of the types indicated in 1.1 can be bondedwith adequate strength to portland cement paste. Tile specifi-cations can refer to this test method in order to establishm
12、inimum bond strength limits appropriate to the serviceconditions that are anticipated.5.2 Separation between bond coat and setting bed, orbreakage of the setting bed itself shall not be consideredfailures of tile bond.6. Apparatus6.1 MoldsFive frame-type molds having inside dimen-sions 6 by 412 by 2
13、 in. (152 by 114 by 51 mm) in depth. Themolds shall be made of38-in. (9.5-mm) thick rigid materialsuch as brass, and the inside faces of the molds shall present asmooth surface. They shall be constructed in such a mannerthat they can be taken apart without damage to the moldedcement block. Diagrams
14、of suitable molds are shown in Fig. 1.6.2 Compression Testing MachineThe testing machinemay be either a hydraulic or screw type, with an accuracy of1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommit
15、teeC21.06 on Ceramic Tile.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published February 2009. Originallyapproved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 48202.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual
16、 Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.61.0 %. It shall be capable of applying a uniformly distributedshearing load a
17、t a rate of 200 6 20 psi/min (1.4 6 0.1MPa/min) to the tile being tested. To obtain the actual loadingrate in lbf/min (kgf/min) for a particular tile size, multiply thebonded area of the tile in square inches by 200 6 20 (in pascalsby 1.4 6 0.1).6.3 Fixture, for holding the specimen assembly in an u
18、prightposition to prevent tilting while the specimen assembly isunder load. The construction of such a fixture is shown in Fig.2.6.4 KeysDifferently sized keys, each for use with adifferent size range of tile, to be inserted between the edge ofthe bonded tile and the head of the compression testingm
19、achine. Their exact dimensions are shown in Fig. 3. Speciallydimensioned keys may be required for unusual tile thicknesses.7. Materials7.1 Portland CementType I of Specification C 150.7.2 Hydrated LimeType S of Specification C 207.7.3 Standard SandDry, Standard Ottawa sand con-forming to the require
20、ments given in Section 9 of Test MethodC 185.8. Test Sample8.1 Size of SampleThe number of tile comprising asample varies according to the size of the tile (see Table 1).Metric EquivalentsLetter in. mmA316 4.8B38 9.5C 6 152D634 171E412 114F514 133G114 32H251FIG. 1 Mold for Mortar Block (Five Require
21、d)C 482 02 (2009)28.2 Selection and Preparation:8.2.1 Tile in the number specified in 8.1 shall be selected atrandom from the lot to be tested.8.2.2 Mounted tile shall be separated from one another bymechanical means, but water or other solvent shall not be usedto remove the mounting media, except a
22、s directed in 8.2.4. (Itis not necessary to remove mounting media completely, pro-vided it does not interfere with the methods prescribed in either8.2.4 or Section 9.)8.2.3 If any dimension between opposite edges of a tileexceeds nominally 414 in. (108 mm), the tile shall be cut on adiamond or abras
23、ive saw, so that the dimension is reduced to 4Metric EquivalentsLetter in. mm Letter in. mmA38 9.5 H 9 229B138 35 I14 6.4C34 19 J18 3.2D112 38 K 2 51E12 13 L 1516 33F 7 178 M 2516 59G 8 203 N 412 114FIG. 2 Fixture for Bond Strength TestMetric EquivalentsTile Size, in. (mm) A B C D E1116 (27) and sma
24、ller34 (19) 118 (29)316 (4.8)18 (3.2)38 (9.5)118 (29) to 1916 (40) 118 (29) 118 (29)316 (4.8)18 (3.2)38 (9.5)258 (41) to 214 (57) 158 (41) 134 (44)316 (4.8)18 (3.2)38 (9.5)2516 (59) to 312 (88) 212 (64) 134 (44)316 (4.8)18 (3.2)38 (9.5)3916 (90) to 414 (108) (14 (6.4) to38 (9.5)thick)414(108)212 (76
25、)14 (6.4)18 (3.2)38 (9.5)334 (94) to 414 (108) (over38 (9.5) thick) 414(108)212 (76)38 (9.5)18 (3.2)38 (9.5)FIG. 3 Key Detail for Fixture in Fig. 2C 482 02 (2009)3in. (102 mm). Any tile that has lugs or other protuberances onits edges, or that does not have a straight, square edge, shall betrimmed w
26、ith a saw14 in. (6.4 mm) in from an edge, andpreferably, perpendicular to any directional back-pattern, toprovide one smooth, straight edge.8.2.4 Tile that are cut on a saw requiring that they be wettedwith water shall subsequently be thoroughly washed, rinsed atleast once in clean water, and dried
27、in an oven at a temperatureof 225 6 10F (107 6 5C) for 4 h. They shall be allowed tocool to room temperature before they are set on a mortar bed.Tile cut dry shall be brushed with a dry cloth to remove dustfrom the bonding surface.8.2.5 Immerse nonvitreous and semivitreous tile (tile with awater abs
28、orption over 3 %) in water for at least12 h prior touse, and fully drain them of surface moisture before installa-tion. Nonvitreous and semivitreous tile, mounted with water-soluble adhesive, must have mounting media and adhesivecarefully and completely removed under running water beforeimmersion to
29、 prevent contamination of the bonding surface.9. Procedure9.1 Lightly oil the inside surfaces of the molds to permiteasy removal of the specimen assemblies after fabrication. Fillthe molds, without voids, to an excess with one of thefollowing mortars:9.1.1 For nonvitreous tile (water absorption over
30、 7 %): Onepart portland cement, 0.25 part hydrated lime, 3.30 parts drystandard sand, and 0.55 part potable water; all parts by mass.9.1.2 For impervious, vitreous, or semivitreous tile (waterabsorption not over 7 %): One part portland cement, 3.30 partsstandard sand, and 0.50 part potable water; al
31、l parts by mass.9.2 Screed the surface of the mortar to receive the tile bydrawing a straight-edge, resting on opposite sides of the mold,across the mold to remove the excess mortar placed therein; donot float, puddle, or trowel the surface. The prepared mortarbeds must receive the tile not less tha
32、n 1 h nor more than 112h after screeding. Use a freshly prepared, smooth paste of onepart by weight of portland cement passing through a No. 200(75-m) sieve and 0.36 part by weight of potable water as auniform bond coat on the surface of the prepared tile intendedfor bonding, in an amount sufficient
33、 to form a continuous layernot less than132 in. (0.8 mm) or more than116 in. (1.6 mm)over it, in addition to filling any depressions in it.9.3 Place the tile on the mortar bed with one smooth,straight edge14 in. (6.4 mm) in from a 6-in. (152-mm) longedge of the mortar bed and parallel to it. Center
34、one fifth of thetile in the sample along the edge of the mortar bed with a spacebetween tile, when more than one tile is used, of18 in. (3.2mm) or more. Use a jig that will project over the edge of themortar bed to facilitate placing the tile at the specified14 in.(6.4 mm) from, and parallel to, the
35、 edge.9.4 Place prepared oblong tile (except nominally square tilewith a trimmed edge) on the mortar bed so that their lengthswill be vertical during loading. Place tile that are not rectan-gular so that they are loaded on a straight edge and aresymmetrical about a vertical center line.9.5 Place til
36、e that have a directional back-pattern on themortar bed with the direction of the back-pattern parallel to thedirection of loading, except when there is conflict with theinstructions in 9.4; those instructions shall take precedence.9.6 Immediately after each tile is placed on the mortar bedin the pr
37、oper position, tap it firmly to assure 100 % contactbetween the bond coat and the mortar bed, and then carefullyremove all excess cement paste from around the edges andbetween the tile. Under no condition should the surface level ofthe mortar bed under the tile be disturbed.9.7 Damp cure the five co
38、mplete specimen assemblies in themolds for 16 to 24 h by covering them with moist cloths andpolyethylene film. Remove them from the molds; cure for anadditional 6 days at approximately 70F (21C) and at least90 % relative humidity prior to testing. Ninety percent relativehumidity shall be obtained by
39、 wrapping the specimen assem-blies immediately after removal from the molds in an imper-vious film or foil.9.8 Immediately upon removing the specimen assemblyfrom the film or foil (after 7 days total curing time), place it onedge into the holding fixture with the edge of the mortar bedfrom which the
40、 tile are recessed14 in. (6.4 mm) facing upwardand the opposite edge resting on a piece of felt18 in. (3.2 mm)thick (see Fig. 2). Adjust the back of the assembly to restagainst the upright part of the fixture. Fasten the assembly tothe fixture by means of two clamps and place the fixture withthe spe
41、cimen assembly in the compression testing machine.Place the appropriate key on the edge of the tile specimen, witha18-in. (3.2-mm) thick felt strip between the key and the tileedge as shown in Fig. 2. Use that key which most nearly coversthe full length of the tile edge to be loaded without touching
42、adjacent tile. The key shall cover not less than 70 % of the tileedge and be centered on it. Load one specimen at a time at therate of 200 6 20 psi/min (1.4 6 0.1 MPa/min) in a shear untilthe bond is broken.10. Calculation10.1 Calculate the strength of the bond, B, in pounds-forceper square inch (or
43、 pascals), as follows:B 5 P/A (1)where:B = bond strength, psi (or Pa),P = maximum load, lbf (or N), andA = bonded area of the tile, in.2(or m2).11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Identification of the material being tested,11.1.2 Type of design on the back of the tile and itsorie
44、ntation with respect to the direction of the load,TABLE 1 Number of Tile per SampleFacial Dimensions of TileNumber of Tileper SampleOver, in.(mm)Not over, in.(mm). 1 (25) 201 (25) 112 (38) 15112 (38) 214 (57) 10214 (57) . 5C 482 02 (2009)411.1.3 Bond strength in pounds-force per square inch (orpasca
45、ls) for each tile,11.1.4 Location of failure for each tile; that is in the tileitself, between tile and bond coat, between bond coat andmortar setting bed, in the setting bed itself, and11.1.5 Average bond strength in pounds-force per squareinch (or pascals) for the sample.12. Precision and Bias12.1
46、 Measurements of shear bond strength between ceramictile and portland cement mortar are not precise. The rangeamong five or more strength determinations in a set isfrequently as large as 80 % of the lower recorded strength.Accuracy is 610 to 20 % of the average bond strength.ASTM International takes
47、 no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own resp
48、onsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addresse
49、d to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple
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