1、Designation: C50/C50M 12C50/C50M 13Standard Practice forSampling, Sample Preparation, Packaging, and Marking ofLime and Limestone Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C50/C50M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This pr
3、actice covers procedures for the collection and reduction of samples of lime and limestone products to be used forphysical and chemical tests.1.2 This practice further covers inspection, rejection, retesting, packing, and marking of lime and limestone products as it maybe used in the chemical, agric
4、ultural, and process industries.1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, theinch-pound units are shown in brackets.The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shallbe used indepe
5、ndently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety
6、and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C25 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Limestone, Quicklime, and Hydrated LimeC51C110 Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as used by the Industry)Test Meth
7、ods for Physical Testing ofQuicklime, Hydrated Lime, and LimestoneC702C400 Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing SizeTest Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime forNeutralization of Waste AcidD75C1271 Practice for Sampling AggregatesTest Method for X-ray Spectrometric Analysis of Li
8、me and LimestoneC1301 Test Method for Major and Trace Elements in Limestone and Lime by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic EmissionSpectroscopy (ICP) and Atomic Absorption (AA)D2234/D2234M Practice for Collection of a Gross Sample of CoalD3665 Practice for Random Sampling of Construction MaterialsE11
9、 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test SievesE105 Practice for Probability Sampling of MaterialsE122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot orProcessE141 Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the R
10、esults of Probability SamplingE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods3. Terminology3.1 accuracya term generally used to indicate the reliability of a sample, a measurement, or an observation and is a measureof closeness of agreement between an experimental result a
11、nd the true value.1 This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C07 on Lime and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C07.06 on Physical Tests.Current edition approved July 1, 2012June 1, 2013. Published July 2012July 2013. Originally approved in 1922. Last previous edition appr
12、oved in 20062012 asC50/C50MC50 - 00 (2006). DOI: 10.1520/C0050_C0050M-12. 12. DOI: 10.1520/C0050_C0050M-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standa
13、rds Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately
14、, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.
15、2 bias (systematic error)an error that is consistently negative or consistently positive. The mean of errors resulting from aseries of observations which does not tend towards zero.3.3 chance errorerror that has equal probability of being positive or negative. The mean of the chance errors resulting
16、 froma series of observations that tends toward zero as the number of observations approach infinity.3.4 combined waterwater that is chemically bonded to calcium or magnesium oxide to form hydrate.3.5 errorthe difference of an observation or a group of observations from the best obtainable estimate
17、of the true value.3.6 free waterwater that is not chemically bonded to calcium or magnesium oxide.3.7 gross samplea sample representing one lot of material and composed of a number of increments on which neitherreduction nor division has been performed.3.8 incrementa small portion of the lot collect
18、ed by one operation of a sampling device and normally combined with otherincrements from the lot to make a gross sample.3.9 laboratory samplerefers to the sample after the initial preparation from which the analytical sample is obtained.3.10 lota discrete quantity of material for which the overall q
19、uality to a particular precision needs to be determined.3.11 precisiona term used to indicate the capability of a person, an instrument, or a method to obtain repeatable results;specifically, a measure of the chance error as expressed by the variance, the standard error, or a multiple of the standar
20、d error (seePractice E177).3.12 representative samplea sample collected in such a manner that every particle in the lot to be sampled is equallyrepresented in the gross or divided sample.3.13 samplea quantity of material taken from a larger quantity for the purpose of estimating properties or compos
21、ition of thelarger quantity.3.14 sample divisionthe process whereby a sample is reduced in weight without change in particle size.3.15 sample preparationthe process that may include crushing, dividing, and mixing of a gross or divided sample for thepurpose of obtaining a representative analysis samp
22、le.3.16 sampling unita quantity of material from which a gross sample is obtained. A lot may contain several sampling units.3.17 segregation variance of increment collection, Ss2the variance caused by nonrandom distribution of inert material or otherconstituent in the lot.3.18 size consistthe partic
23、le size distribution of quicklime or hydrated lime.3.19 standard deviationthe square root of the variance.3.20 subsamplea sample taken from another sample.3.21 top sizethe opening of the smallest screen in the series upon which is retained less than 5 % of the sample.3.22 total variance, So2the over
24、all variance resulting from collecting single increments, and including division and analysisof the single increments.3.23 unbiased samplea sample free of bias or a representative sample.3.24 unit variance (random variance of increment collection), Sr2the theoretical variance calculated for a unifor
25、mly mixedlot and extrapolate to 0.5-kg (1-lb)1-lb increment size.3.25 variancethe mean square of deviation (or errors) of a set of observations; the sum of squared deviations (or errors) ofindividual observations with respect to their arithmetic mean divided by the number of observations less one (d
26、egrees of freedom);the square of the standard deviation (or standard error).4. Significance and Use4.1 The following practices are to be used in obtaining samples that are representative of the lot being sampled. Themethodology used will be dependent upon the size and type of material sampled and te
27、sting requirements.4.2 The following practices are intended for use in obtaining samples from material that is ready for sale and are not intendedas sampling procedures for quality control purposes. These practices are to be used in obtaining a laboratory sample that will yieldresults serving as a b
28、asis for acceptance or rejection of the lot of material sampled. This does not preclude the use of these practicesfor quality control purposes.4.3 The following practices can be used to eliminate bias in sampling. The person or persons responsible for using thesepractices must be trained and they wi
29、ll be conscientious and timely in their use.4.4 An agreement between the producer and the consumer on location of sampling, either at the producers plant or at thedestination, is encouraged. Product quality can be affected through careless handling, improper protection, and delayed shipment.It is pr
30、eferable to sample at the point of loading. The consumer has the right to witness the sampling practices being used.C50/C50M 1324.5 This practice may be used to provide a representative sample of lime or limestone products. Due to the variability oflimestone and lime and the wide variety of sampling
31、 equipment, caution must be exercised in all stages of sampling, from systemspecification and equipment procurement to equipment acceptance testing and actually taking the final sample.5. Incremental Collection5.1 For the number and weight of increments refer to Practice E122.5.2 The number of sampl
32、es required depends on the intended use of the material, the quantity of material involved, and thevariations both in quality and size. A sufficient number of samples shall be obtained to cover all variations in the material.5.3 The quantity of sample to be taken will depend on the size of the mater
33、ial to be sampled and the amount of informationto be obtained from the sample. Caution must be taken to ensure a statistically correct amount of material is selected for all testing,and sufficient quantities of material retained for reserved purposes. Recommended reference documents would include Pr
34、acticesE105 and E122.5.4 Particle Size:5.4.1 Generally, a large range of particle sizes for a given material requires a larger bulk sample size. The amount of the sampleincrement is then dependent upon the largest particle size encountered. The sample amount is determined by repeated testing todeter
35、mine the bias between successive increments, and then to reduce this bias to acceptable limits.5.4.2 The chemistry may change relative to the particle size. It is important that all particle sizes proportioned relative to theirdistribution be in the parent material.5.5 Large material transfer rates
36、result in large incremental samples. The sample must be representative of the entirecross-section flow of material. The amount of sample and number of increments must be determined prior to sampling.Randomized sampling should be used where appropriate to minimize unintentional bias.6. Random Samplin
37、g6.1 Practices D3665, E105, and E122 can be used to minimize unintentional bias when obtaining a representative sample.Depending upon what comprises the lot of material, sampling can be extended to specific shipping units chosen on a random basis.6.2 Collect increments with such frequency that the e
38、ntire quantity of material will be represented in the gross sample. Due tothe variability of lime and limestone products and the wide variety of sampling equipment, caution must exercised in all stagesof sampling.7. Sampling Plan7.1 Purpose:7.1.1 Adequate methods for obtaining representative samples
39、 for testing the chemical and physical properties of a shipment oflime or limestone are essential. The sale and use are dependent upon the chemical or physical properties, or both.7.1.2 The sampling plan specifies the minimum weights and the number of increments required in each step of the procedur
40、eto meet the objectives of the testing.7.1.3 The sampling plan should include the personnel doing the sampling, preservation or protection of the samples, locationof sampling, the sampling procedure to be used, sample preparation required, and the tests to be performed.7.1.4 Proper sampling involves
41、 understanding and consideration of the minimum number and weight of increments, the particlesize of the material, sample preparation, variability of the constituent sought, and the degree of precision required.7.2 Personnel:7.2.1 It is imperative that a sample is collected carefully and conscientio
42、usly. If the sampling is done improperly, the sampleis in error and any subsequent analysis is not representative of the lot being sampled. Further, a second sample may be impossibleto obtain. If an analysis is in error, another analysis is impractical on an incorrectly obtained sample. Whereas, a s
43、econd analysisis possible, if the first was in error, if the initial sampling was correct.7.2.2 Because of the importance of proper sampling and the resulting information, individuals engaged in sampling and samplepreparation must be qualified by training and experience and possess a thorough unders
44、tanding of sampling practices andtechniques or under the direct supervision of such an individual.7.3 Preservation of Sample:7.3.1 Due to the hygroscopic nature of quicklime, samples must be immediately stored in airtight, moisture-proof containers toavoid air-slaking and subsequent absorption of ca
45、rbon dioxide.7.3.2 Due to the generally soft characteristics of quicklime, proper handling to avoid degradation must be practiced if the sampleis to be used for particle size determination.7.4 Location of SamplingThe process type and the process measurements required determine the sampling location.
46、 Sitesshould be selected to allow for safe, easy access to a representative cross section of the process material.C50/C50M 1337.5 Choice of Sampling ProcedureThe choice of sampling procedure to be used is dependent on three things. First, it isnecessary to define the lot or batch of material to be s
47、ampled. Second, it is necessary to determine the number of incrementalsamples to be taken from the lot. Third, the choice of sampling procedure needs to be determined from Section 8 utilizing thepreceding criteria.7.6 Recommended Number and Weight of Increments:7.6.1 Refer to Table 1 for the recomme
48、nded number and weight of increments for general purpose sampling. The number ofincrements required listed in Table 1 are based upon a 1000ton 1000tonne 1000 ton lot size. To determine the number ofincrements recommended for a specific lot size, use Eq 1. To determine the recommended weight for a bu
49、lk sample, multiply theincrement requirement times the minimum increment weight from Table 1. The nominal particle size is assigned based onproduction screening.7.6.2 The increments and weights listed in Table 1 are only recommendations and are not based upon a statistical model. Formore accurate methods to determine weights and increments required, refer to Practices E105, E122, and E141 and Test MethodsPractice D2234/D2234M.7.6.3 For randomized sampling, refer to Practice D3665.N25N1 specific lot size tons!/1000 tons#1/2 (1)N25N1 specific lo
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