ASTM C500-1998(2006) Standard Test Methods for Asbestos-Cement Pipe《石棉水泥管的标准试验方法》.pdf

1、Designation: C 500 98 (Reapproved 2006)Standard Test Methods forAsbestos-Cement Pipe1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 500; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in

2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These test methods cover the testing of asbestos-cementpipe for hydrostatic strength, flexural strength, crushingstrength, straightness,and unco

3、mbined calcium hydroxide; theyare for use in conjunction with the individual product specifi-cations for asbestos-cement pipe.1.2 Test methods appear in the following sections:SectionHydrostatic Pressure Test 4Flexural Test 5Crushing Test 6Straightness Test 7Uncombined Calcium Hydroxide Test 81.3 Gu

4、idelines for internal and external corrosion includedin Section 9 serve as an aid in determining the type of pipewhich should be specified to maximize service life for aparticular application.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for

5、 informationonly.1.5 WarningBreathing of asbestos dust is hazardous.Asbestos and asbestos products present demonstratedhealthrisks for users and for those with whom they come into contact.Inaddition to other precautions, when working with asbestos-cement products,minimize the dust that results. For

6、informa-tion on the safe use of chrysoltileasbestos, refer to “Safe Use ofChrysotile Asbestos: A Manual on Preventiveand ControlMeasures.”21.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibilityof the user of this standard to

7、establish appropri-ate safety and health practices and determine the applicabilityof regulatory limitations prior to use. Fora specific safetyhazard, see 1.5.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1067 Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of WaterD 1126 Test Method for Hardness in WaterD 294

8、6 Terminology for Asbestos and AsbestosCementProductsE11 Specification for Wire Cloth and Sieves for TestingPurposesE50 Practices for Apparatus, Reagents, and Safety Consid-erations for Chemical Analysis of Metals, Ores, andRelated MaterialsE 200 Practice for Preparation, Standardization, and Stor-a

9、ge of Standard and Reagent Solutions for ChemicalAnalysis2.2 BNQ Standard:BNQ 3807-098 Vulcanized Rubber: Hardness Determina-tion42.3 Other Standard:Regulation No. 3, Formula for Completely and SpecificallyDenatured Alcohol53. Terminology3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.1.1 crush

10、ing strengtha property of solid material thatindicates its ability to withstand collapse from external com-pressiveloads.3.1.1.1 DiscussionConsider failure of the crushing test tohave taken place when, as a result of application of thecrushing load to the pipe during the test, a break occurs in thep

11、ipe before reaching the minimum crushing load designated inthe specification.1These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C17 on andare the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C17.03 on .Current edition approved , . Published November 2006. Originally approved in1963. Last prev

12、ious edition approved in 2002 as C 500 98 (2002)e1.2Available from The Asbestos Institute, http:/ referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document

13、Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Bureau de Normalisation du Qubec, Department of Industry and Commerce,50 St. Joseph St. East, Quebec, QC, Canada G1K 3A5.5Published by the US Treasury Department, Bureau of Industrial Alcohol,Washington, DC.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box

14、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.2 flexural strengththe ability of a standard pipe lon-gitudinal section to withstand external loads that bear on thepipetransversely to its longitudinal axis and induce bending.3.1.3 hydrostatic strengththe ability of the pipe and cou-pling

15、sleeve to withstand the forces resulting from internalpressure.3.1.4 uncombined calcium hydroxidethe content of unre-acted calcium hydroxide that remains in the sample of curedproductwhen tested.NOTE 1See Terminology D 2946 for additional terms.4. Hydrostatic Pressure Test4.1 Significance and UseThe

16、 hydrostatic pressure testestablishes the fact that the pipe has sufficient strengthtowithstand the hydrostatic pressure loads stated in the specifi-cations. The strength level required by the specificationsassures, with a reasonable or designed margin of safety,minimum strengths that will satisfact

17、orilywithstand the mag-nitude of internal operating and surge pressures that arenor-mally encountered in field service.4.2 Procedure:4.2.1 Place the pipe, coupling, or pipe and coupling with afactory-assembled joint, in a hydrostatic pressure testing ma-chine with gaskets that seal the ends but exer

18、t no end pressure.Expel all air, and apply the internal water pressure at a uniformrate of not less than690 kPa/s (100 psi/s) nor more than 10MPa/s (1500 psi/s) to the specifiedpressure; maintain thepressure.4.2.1.1 Couplings may be tested separately with a rubberbladder inside of the coupling.4.2.2

19、 Consider failure of the hydrostatic pressure test tohave taken place when the pipe or coupling fails to sustain thetest pressurefor the 5-s period.5. Flexural Test5.1 Significance and UseThe flexural test establishes thefact that the pipe has sufficient strength to withstand theflexural bending loa

20、ds stated in the specifications.Provided thatproper bedding methods are employed by the installer, thestrengthlevel required by the specifications assures minimumstrengths that will satisfactorilywithstand the magnitude oftranverse bending loads normally encountered in field service.5.2 Procedure:5.

21、2.1 Support the pipe in a flexural testing machine over aclear span of 2.75 m (9 ft). Distribute the load equally, andapplythe load at the third points of the clear span as indicatedin Fig. 1. Unless otherwise specified, it shall be optional withpipe lengths in excess of 3.8m (12.5 ft) to test at 75

22、 % of thespecified loads on supports 3.65m (12 ft) apart. Apply the loadat a uniform rate between 1.1 and 10 kN/s (250 and 2300 lbf/s)until it equals the proof load specified; maintain this load for atleast 5 s.5.2.2 Consider failure of the flexural proof test to have takenplace when, as a result of

23、 application of the flexural load tothepipe during the test, a break occurs in the pipe either beforereachingthe minimum flexural load that is designated in thespecification or whileholding at that minimum flexural load.6. Crushing Test6.1 Significance and UseThe crushing test establishes thefact th

24、at the pipe has sufficient strength to withstand thecrushing loads stated in the specifications. Providedthat properbedding methods are employed by the installer, the strengthlevelrequired by the specifications ensures minimum strengthsthat will, with areasonable margin of safety, satisfactorilywith

25、stand the magnitude of externalcrushing loads normallyencountered in field service.6.2 Procedure:6.2.1 V-Shaped Three Edge Bearing Method:6.2.1.1 Test each specimen by the V-shaped bearing methodas indicated in Fig. 2.6.2.1.2 The lower press-block consists of a V-shaped sup-port that has an included

26、 angle of 2.6 rad (150) and is made ofmetal or hardwood.Interpose strips of rubber of the thicknessand width specified in 6.2.1.3 between the press-block and thetest piece.6.2.1.3 The rubber strips shall be 16 6 3 mm (0.625 60.125 in.) thick and have a hardness between 50 and 68 DIDC(45 and65 ShoreA

27、durometer)6as specified in BNQ 3807-098.6.2.1.4 The flat upper press-block, made of the same mate-rial as the lower press-block, shall have a minimum width of 15cm (6 in.). Interposea strip of rubber of the thickness andhardness specified in 6.2.1.3 between the press-block and thetest piece.6DIDC Me

28、ans Dgr International de Duret des Caoutchoucs (InternationalDegrees for Hardness of Rubbers).FIG. 1 Assembly for Flexural Strength TestC 500 98 (2006)27. Straightness Test7.1 Significance and UseThe straightness test covers themeasurement of the maximum deviation from straightness of astandard leng

29、th of asbestos-cement pipe.7.2 ProcedureDetermine the outer diameter of each pipeat both ends and in the middle (the middlediameter is generallygreater). Calculate the differences in outer diameterbetweeneach end and the middle. Either with a rigid straightedge thatexceedsthe pipe length and is plac

30、ed in contact with one end ofthe pipe, or, ona plane surface upon which the pipe is rolled,measure the maximum ordinate between the exterior surface ofthe pipe and the reference plane. Correct this measurement forthe differences in outer diameter determined between themiddle and each end of the pipe

31、 to obtain a deviation fromstraightness. Perform the straightness determination over theentire perimeter of the pipe, and note the maximum deviationfrom straightness determined.8. Uncombined Calcium Hydroxide Test8.1 Significance and UseThe uncombined calcium hy-droxide test method covers the measur

32、ement of the amount ofuncombined calcium hydroxide in asbestos-cement pipe inorderto establish the fact that the pipe has the requiredchemical resistance.Guidelines for resistance to internal andexternal corrosion are given inSection 9.8.2 Reagents (Analytical Grade Reagents):8.2.1 Use reagents spec

33、ified in Practice E50.8.2.2 Follow directions in Practice E 200.8.2.3 Solution No. 1For each sample prepare approxi-mately 500 cm3of solution containing 150 cm3of acetoaceticester and 350 cm3of absolute ethyl alcohol. (See 2.3.)8.2.4 Solution No. 2For each sample prepare approxi-mately 100 cm3of sol

34、ution containing1gofNaOH and 100cm3of absolute ethyl alcohol.8.2.5 Solvent for Extraction of Free LimeFor each sampleprepare around 500 cm3of solvent containing approximately500 cm3of solution No. 1 and 1 cm3of solution No. 2.8.2.6 Rinsing SolventSome 250 cm3of isobutyl alcoholare required per sampl

35、e.8.2.7 Titrating Agent:8.2.7.1 For each sample, prepare approximately 250 cm3oftitrating agent containing 4.1 cm3of 72 % perchloric acid or6.823 g of solid perchloric acid (HClO42H2O) in 200 cm3ofisobutyl alcohol, and make up the volume to 250 cm by addingisobutyl alcohol.8.2.7.2 Standardize the ti

36、trating agent by titration againststandardized potassium biphthalate such as potassium hydro-gen phthalate primarystandard (such as Fisher P243)COOKHOCOC6H4after having lightly ground the latter anddried it at 120C for 2 h. Refer to PracticeE 200.8.2.8 Indicator:8.2.8.1 Use a mixture of equal parts

37、of methylene bluesolution C16H18CIN3S3H2O (such as Fisher A-766), withthymol blue or (a)-hydroxy-(a), bis(5hydroxycarvacryl)-ptoluenesulfonic acid (such as Fisher T-416), orC6H4SO2OCC6H2-2-CH3-4-OH-5CH(CH3)22.8.2.8.2 Prepare the methylene blue solution by dissolving0.05 % of the reagent in the ethan

38、ol.8.2.8.3 Prepare the thymol blue solution by dissolving 0.1 gof the reagent in 10.75 cm3of 0.02 NaOH and diluting to 250cm3by adding water.8.2.8.4 Prepare the indicator by adding 1 cm3of themethylene blue solution to 4 cm3of the thymol blue solution.8.3 Procedure:8.3.1 Prepare representative sampl

39、es of pipe or sleeves, andimmediately screen them through a 149-m (No. 100) sieve asdescribedin Specification E11. The specimen must be groundsufficiently so that all of it will pass through the sieve.However, avoidexcessive grinding since this may change thestate of carbonation and therate of react

40、ion of the specimen andlead to erroneous results. Optimum grinding is achieved if atleast 5 % of the specimen is retained on a 125-m (No. 120)sieve described in Specification E11. Immediately place thematerial passing the sieve into a weighing bottle,and coverwith its ground-glass top. (Warningsee 1

41、.5.)8.3.2 Place the bottle, with top removed, in a drying oven at105C (220F) for 2 h, and then cool in a desiccator toroomtemperature.8.3.3 Weigh out four specimens of 1 6 0.010 g of the driedsample from a pipe or sleeve to the nearest 0.001 g.8.3.4 Place each specimen in an evaporation flask fitted

42、 witha condenser and a TFE-fluorocarbon encapsulated stirring bar,add 100cm3of the solvent described in 8.2.5 to each flask andheat the evaporators for the following time periods: FirstFIG. 2 Assembly for V-Shaped Crushing Strength TestC 500 98 (2006)3specimen30min; second specimen60 min; thirdspeci

43、men90 min; and fourthspecimen120 min. After theextraction of each specimen cool the flaskand filter the contentsrapidly on a fritted glass funnel.8.3.5 Wash each filter cake with 50 cm3of isobutyl alcohol.8.3.6 Titrate the filtrate with the titrating agent described in8.2.7 and the indicator describ

44、ed in 8.2.8.4 until the colorchanges from light green to dark blue.8.3.7 Carry out a blank extraction without any specimen,add 50 cm3of isobutyl alcohol and titrate as described in 8.3.4to 8.3.6 to determine the correction applicable to take intoaccount the addition of the NaOH in solution No. 2.8.3

45、.8 Calculate the number of equivalents of Ca(OH)2foreach specimen and the percentage of Ca(OH)2initially presentin each specimen.8.4 Calculation:8.4.1 Plot the values of Ca(OH)2calculated for each sampleas a function of extraction duration (30, 60, 90 or 120 min)andextrapolate the graph to zero time

46、.8.4.2 Report the content of Ca(OH)2indicated by the graphat zero time as the average content of free lime in the sample.9. Guidelines for Internal and External Corrosion9.1 ScopeThis test method establishes guidelines for thedefinition and classification of aggressivewater and soil envi-ronments. T

47、he guidelines are based on exposure within the-temperature range of 4 to 27C (40 to 80F). For pipeexposures totemperatures beyond these limits, consult themanufacturer.9.2 Summary of Test MethodThe factors that cause ag-gressive environments, internal and external waters, externalsoil conditions, an

48、d soluble sulfate contents of waters andsoils,are considered separately even though they may exist incombination.9.3 Significance and UseGuidelines for internal and ex-ternal corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe are included in thisspecification solely for the purpose of helping usersevaluate theuseful

49、 service life of asbestos-cement pipe under varioussoiland water conditions. If either water or soil corrosionguidelines are notadhered to, some decrease in useful servicelife can be expected; when theguidelines are followed, expe-rience has shown that a satisfactory life canbe expected for thepipe.9.4 Corrosion Guidelines for Water Transported ThroughAsbestos-Cement Pipe:9.4.1 Aggressivity Index A measure of the corrosivity ofwater towards asbestos-cement, defined as follows:pH 1 log AH! (1)w