ASTM C51-2011 Standard Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as used by the Industry)《与石灰及石灰石相关的(工业用)标准术语》.pdf

1、Designation: C51 11Standard Terminology Relating toLime and Limestone (as used by the Industry)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C51; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of originaladoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A n

2、umber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscriptepsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology refers to the terms relating to lime

3、andlimestone products as used by the industry.1.2 Where appropriate, the various terms defined belowshould be prefixed with one or other of the adjectives “high-calcium,” “magnesian,” or “dolomitic.” (Examples: dolomiticquicklime; high-calcium hydraulic hydrated lime; magnesianor dolomitic limestone

4、.)1.3 The composition of a limestone should be given in termsof a percentage of the carbonates present. In limestone ofinterest to the lime industry, it is usually assumed that thematerial consists almost entirely of carbonates. Where thisassumption is not valid, the percentage of noncarbonate mate-

5、rial should be determined, and the composition expressed interms of the carbonate material present.1.4 For specific application of lime or a limestone product,see the appropriate ASTM specification.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C207 Specification for Hydrated Lime for Masonry Pur-posesC

6、270 Specification for Mortar for Unit MasonryC602 Specification for Agricultural Liming MaterialsC1707 Specification for Pozzolanic Hydraulic Lime forStructural Purposes3. Terminologyagricultural limeeither ground quicklime or hydrated limewhose calcium and magnesium content is capable of neu-traliz

7、ing soil acidity.agricultural limestoneground or pulverized limestonewhose calcium and magnesium content is capable of neu-tralizing soil acidity.DISCUSSIONAgricultural lime is a very powerful neutralizing agent.Agricultural limestone, often referred to as “aglime” is the predominatematerial for soi

8、l pH adjustment. See Specification C602.air-slaked limethe product containing various proportionsof the oxides, hydroxides, and carbonates of calcium andmagnesium which results from the exposure of quicklime tothe air in sufficient quantity to show physical signs ofhydration (difficult to determine

9、visually in pulverizedquicklime).alkaline earth solutions (AES)an aqueous solution of theoxide or hydroxide of an element of group IIa in the periodictable, such as calcium or magnesium. These solutions maybe strongly alkaline. See pH.available lime indexthose constituents of a lime which enterinto

10、a desired reaction under the conditions of a specificmethod or process.building or construction limea lime whose chemical andphysical characteristics and method of processing make itsuitable for the ordinary or special construction uses of theproduct.by-product limeby-product limes include a variety

11、 of Cal-cium and/or Calcium/Magnesium compounds that are usablefor specific applications but generally do not meet one ormore specifications required of primary lime products.Examples include lime kiln dust and lime hydrator rejects. Itis advised that the specific compositions, physical properties,p

12、erformance characteristics, and anticipated variabilities ofsuch materials be evaluated for the service intended.calcareousoriginating from predominately calcium carbon-ate or one of its derivative forms.calciathe chemical compound calcium oxide (CaO).calcined pozzolansmaterials that are produced by

13、 calcina-tion of natural siliceous or alumino-siliceous earths, suchcalcination being for the purpose of activation of pozzolanicproperties.Cement-Lime MortarCement-Lime Mortar primarily con-sists of hydraulic cement, hydrated lime or lime putty,masons sand and water.1This terminology is under the j

14、urisdiction of ASTM Committee C07 on Limeand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C07.08 on Editorial and Nomen-clatureCurrent edition approved June 1, 2011. Published July 2011. Originally approvedin 1922. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C51 07. DOI: 10.1520/C0051-11.2For referenc

15、ed ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyrig

16、ht ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.DISCUSSIONThese mortars can be specified by proportions orproperties indicated in Specification C270.chemical limea quicklime or hydrated lime whose chemicaland physical characteristics and met

17、hod of processing makeit suitable for one or more of the many and varied chemicaland industrial uses of the product.DISCUSSIONThe chemical forms of calcium oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2), magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-droxide (Mg(OH)2) alone or in combination may be produced either

18、primarily or as a by-product of materials other than limestone, forexample, Ca(OH)2formed by acetylene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2), water treatment sludges, etc.dead burned dolomitedolomitic limestone that has beenheated with or without additives to a temperature sufficientlyhigh and for a

19、 long enough time to decompose the carbonatestructure so as to form calcium oxide and periclase in amatrix that provides resistance to subsequent hydration andrecombination with carbon dioxide.dolomiticindicates the presence of 35 to 46 % magnesiumcarbonate (MgCO3) in the limestone from which the ma

20、terialwas formed.dolomitic limestonesee limestone.di-hydrated or double hydrated limedolomitic lime whichhas been hydrated under greater than atmospheric pressureand contains less than 8 % unhydrated oxides.finishing hydrated limehydrated lime suitable for use in thefinish coat of plaster.finishing

21、quicklimequicklime suitable (after slaking to alime putty) for use in the finish coat of plaster.fluxing limea term referring to quicklime used as an agent inthe manufacture of steel or glass.fluxstonea term referring to limestone (high-calcium, mag-nesian, or dolomitic) used as an agent in the manu

22、facture ofiron and steel or glass.high-calciumindicates the presence of 0 to 5 % magnesiumcarbonate (MgCO3) in the limestone from which the materialwas formed.high-calcium limestonesee limestone.hydrated limea dry powder obtained by treating quicklimewith water enough to satisfy its chemical affinit

23、y for waterunder the conditions of its hydration. It consists essentiallyof calcium hydroxide or a mixture of calcium hydroxide andmagnesium oxide or magnesium hydroxide, or both.DISCUSSIONThe chemical forms of calcium oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2), magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-d

24、roxide (Mg(OH)2) alone or in combination may be produced eitherprimarily or as a by-product of materials other than limestone, forexample, Ca(OH)2formed by acetylene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2), water treatment sludges, etc.hydraulic hydrated limethe hydrated dry cementitiousproduct obtain

25、ed by calcining a limestone containing silicaand alumina to a temperature short of incipient fusion so asto form sufficient free lime (CaO) to permit hydration, and atthe same time, leaving unhydrated sufficient calcium sili-cates to give a dry powder meeting hydraulic propertyrequirements.limea gen

26、eral term which includes the various chemical andphysical forms of quicklime, hydrated lime, and hydrauliclime. It may be high-calcium, magnesian, or dolomitic.DISCUSSIONThe chemical forms of calcium oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2), magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-droxide (Mg(OH)2) al

27、one or in combination may be produced eitherprimarily or as a by-product of materials other than limestone, forexample, Ca(OH)2formed by acetylene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2), water treatment sludges, etc.lime mortara lime putty mixed with an aggregate, suitablefor masonry purposes.lime pu

28、ttythe product obtained by slaking quicklime withwater according to the directions of the manufacturer or bymixing hydrated lime and water to a desired consistency.limestonean initially sedimentary rock consisting chiefly ofcalcium carbonate or of the carbonates of calcium andmagnesium. Limestone ma

29、y be of high calcium, magnesian,or dolomitic.(1) dolomitic limestonelimestone containing from 35 to46 % magnesium carbonate (MgCO3).(2) magnesium limestonea limestone containing from 5to 35 % MgCO3.(3) high-calcium limestonea limestone containing from0 to 5 % MgCO3.liming materiala general term whic

30、h includes the variouschemical and physical forms of matierals such as lime,limestone, mollusk shells, marl, byproduct lime, and slagwhose calcium and magnesium compounds are capable ofneutralizing acidity.magnesiathe chemical compound magnesium oxide (MgO).magnesianindicates the presence of 5 to 35

31、 % magnesiumcarbonate (MgCO3) in the limestone from which the materialwas formed.magnesian limestonesee limestone.masons hydrated limehydrated lime suitable for use formasonry purposes.masons quicklimequicklime suitable (after slaking to a limeputty) for use for masonry purposes.milk of limea suspen

32、sion of hydrated lime (or slakedquicklime) in water in such proportions as to resemble milkin appearance.DISCUSSIONThe chemical forms of calcium oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2), magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-droxide (Mg(OH)2) alone or in combination may be produced eitherprimarily o

33、r as a by-product of materials other than limestone, forexample, Ca(OH)2formed by acetylene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2), water treatment sludges, etc.mono-hydrated limedolomitic lime which has been hy-drated at atmospheric pressure and contains more than 8 %unhydrated oxides.natural pozzol

34、ansmaterials that, in the natural state, exhibitpozzolanic properties, such as some volcanic ash and lavadeposits.non-volatileterm used to denote the calculated chemicalbasis of a material in which the volatile fraction of thatmaterial is removed, relative to a specific temperature. Forexample, in l

35、ime and limestone, the loss on ignition isconsidered to be the volatile fraction.C51112pHthe negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration,which can be greatly affected by temperature, particularlyunder alkaline conditions. It is therefore important to mea-sure alkaline earth solutions (AES)

36、at a specific recom-mended temperature of 25 C.plasticitya comparative physical property of a standardconsistency lime putty to resist the loss of plastic stateworkability when subjected to pressure against the suction ofan absorptive surface as measured by the Emley Plasticime-ter.Portland Cement-L

37、ime Mortar (PCL)See Cement-LimeMortar.pozzolana siliceous or alumino-siliceous material that initself possesses little or no cementitious value but that infinely divided form and in the presence of moisture willchemically react with alkali and alkaline earth hydroxides atordinary temperatures to for

38、m or assist in forming com-pounds possessing cementitious properties.pozzolanic hydraulic lime (PHL), na powder produced bythe blending or intergrinding of not less than 25 % by binderweight of Specification C207 Type S hydrated lime with oneor more pozzolan and inert filler. Type N hydrated lime of

39、Specification C207 shall be used if shown to be notdetrimental to the soundness of the material.DISCUSSIONSpecification C1707 modifies this definition with theaddition of air entrainment or cement.quicklimea calcined limestone, the major part of which iscalcium oxide or calcium oxide in association

40、with magne-sium oxide, capable of slaking with water.DISCUSSIONThe chemical forms of calcium oxide (CaO), calciumhydroxide (Ca(OH)2), magnesium oxide (MgO), or magnesium hy-droxide (Mg(OH)2) alone or in combination may be produced eitherprimarily or as a by-product of materials other than limestone,

41、 forexample, Ca(OH)2formed by acetylene generation from calciumcarbide (CaC2), water treatment sludges, etc.quicklime sizesthe different sizes depending upon the typeof limestone, kind of kiln used, or treatment subsequent tocalcining. The sizes commonly recognized are as follows:(1) large lump8 in.

42、 (203 mm) and smaller,(2) pebble or crushed212 in. (64 mm) and smaller,(3) ground, screened or granular14 in. (6.4 mm) andsmaller, and(4) pulverizedsubstantially all passing a No. 20 (850-m) sieve.reactivityreactivity is the reaction between substances,which can be monitored by some measure, either

43、qualitativeor quantitative. In the Lime Industry, it is commonly used torefer to the reaction between limestone, quicklime and/or arelated material and another substance such as water, acid orSOxrefractory limelime (usually of a dolomitic type) that hasbeen extremely hard burned so that it will poss

44、ess little or notendency for conversion of the oxides to hydroxides.run-of-kiln quicklimequicklime as drawn or dischargedfrom a kiln.slakingthe chemical reaction that produces hydrated limewhen quicklime and water are mixed.spray limea hydrated lime of such fineness that at least 95 %of the particle

45、s will pass a No. 325 (45-m) sieve.stuccoan exterior cementious-lime-finishing system appliedto a suitable substrate on the surfaces of buildings andstructures.white washa combination of hydrated lime (or slakedquicklime), water, and other materials to be used as apaintlike coating.SUMMARY OF CHANGE

46、SCommittee C07 has identified the location of selected changes to this terminology since the last issue, C5107,that may impact the use of this terminology. (Approved June 1, 2011)(1) Added definition of pozzolanic hydraulic lime (PHL).This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsib

47、le technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful con

48、sideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100

49、Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission rights to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).C51113