1、Designation: C522 03 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Test Method forAirflow Resistance of Acoustical Materials1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C522; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers the measurement of airflowresistance and the related measurements of specific airflowresistance and ai
3、rflow resistivity of porous materials that can beused for the absorption and attenuation of sound. Materialscover a range from thick boards or blankets to thin mats,fabrics, papers, and screens. When the material is anisotropic,provision is made for measurements along different axes of thespecimen.1
4、.2 This test method is designed for the measurement ofvalues of specific airflow resistance ranging from 100 to10 000 mks rayls (Pas/m) with linear airflow velocities rang-ing from 0.5 to 50 mm/s and pressure differences across thespecimen ranging from 0.1 to 250 Pa. The upper limit of thisrange of
5、linear airflow velocities is a point at which the airflowthrough most porous materials is in partial or completetransition from laminar to turbulent flow.1.3 A procedure for accrediting a laboratory for the pur-poses of this test method is given in Annex A1.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to b
6、e regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.1.4.1 Table 1 is provided for user to convert into cgs units.1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standar
7、d to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E384 Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Mate-rialsC634 Terminology Relating to Building and EnvironmentalAcousticsE691
8、Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: The definitions used in this test method arecontained in Terminology C634.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: Thefollowing items have been modified to exclude alt
9、ernatingflow.3.2.1 airflow resistance, R; mks acoustic ohm(Pas/m3)the quotient of the air pressure difference across aspecimen divided by the volume velocity of airflow through thespecimen.3.2.2 airflow resistivity, r0; mks rayl/m (Pas/m2)ofahomogeneous material, the quotient of its specific airflow
10、resistance divided by its thickness.3.2.3 lateral airflow resistivity of an anisotropic homoge-neous material, the airflow resistivity when the direction ofairflow is parallel to the face of the material from which the testspecimen is taken.3.2.4 specific airflow resistance, r; mks rayl (Pas/m)thepr
11、oduct of the airflow resistance of a specimen and its area.This is equivalent to the air pressure difference across thespecimen divided by the linear velocity of airflow measuredoutside the specimen.3.2.5 transverse airflow resistivity of an anisotropic ho-mogeneous material, the airflow resistivity
12、 when the directionof airflow is perpendicular to the face of the material fromwhich the test specimen is taken.3.3 Application of Terms:3.3.1 The term airflow resistance can be applied to speci-mens of any kind.3.3.2 The term specific airflow resistance has meaning onlywhen applied to a specimen of
13、 uniform thickness that ishomogeneous in directions parallel to its surface but notnecessarily homogeneous in the direction of airflow perpen-dicular to its surface.3.3.3 The term airflow resistivity has meaning only whenapplied to a specimen that is homogeneous in directionsparallel to a and perpen
14、dicular to its surface but not necessarilyisotropic.1This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E33 on Buildingand Environmental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE33.01 on Sound Absorption.Current edition approved April 1, 2016. Published April 2016. Origina
15、llyapproved in 1963. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C522 03 (2009)1.DOI: 10.1520/C0522-03R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standard
16、s Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.4 Symbols:3.4.1 P = air pressure difference across test specimen, Pa.3.4.2 U = volume velocity of airflow through the specimen,m3/s.3.4.3 u =
17、 U/S = linear velocity of airflow outside thespecimen, m/s.3.4.4 S = area of specimen, m.23.4.5 T = thickness of specimen, m.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method describes how to measure a steady flowof air through a test specimen, how to measure the air pressuredifference across the specim
18、en, and how to measure thevolume velocity of airflow through the specimen. From themeasurements may be calculated the airflow resistance, R, thespecific airflow resistance, r, and the airflow resistivity, r0.5. Significance and Use5.1 The specific airflow resistance of an acoustical materialis one o
19、f the properties that determine its sound-absorptive andsound-transmitting properties. Measurement of specific airflowresistance is useful during product development, for qualitycontrol during manufacture, and for specification purposes.5.2 Valid measurements are made only in the region oflaminar ai
20、rflow where, aside from random measurement errors,the airflow resistance (R=PU) is constant. When the airflowis turbulent, the apparent airflow resistance increases with anincrease of volume velocity and the term “airflow resistance”does not apply.5.3 The specific airflow resistance measured by this
21、 testmethod may differ from the specific resistance measured by theimpedance tube method in Test Method E384 for two reasons.In the presence of sound, the particle velocity inside a porousmaterial is alternating while in this test method, the velocity isconstant and in one direction only. Also, the
22、particle velocityinside a porous material is not the same as the linear velocitymeasured outside the specimen.6. Apparatus6.1 The apparatus, assembled as shown schematically inFig. 1, consists of the following components:6.1.1 Air Supply, a suction generator or positive air supplyarranged to draw or
23、 force air at a uniform rate through the testspecimen.NOTE 1It may be necessary to use a large surge tank or other meansto reduce pressure fluctuations.6.1.2 Flowmeter, to measure the volume velocity of airflowthrough the specimen. It is preferable to have two or moreTABLE 1 Conversion from cgs to m
24、ks and SI unitsTo convert from to Multiply bycgs acoustic ohm mks acoustic ohm (Pas/m3)105cgs rayl mks rayl (Pas/m) 10cgs rayl/cm mks rayl/m (Pas/m2)103cgs rayl/in. mks rayl/m (Pas/m2) 394mks rayl/in. mks rayl/m (Pas/m2) 39.4FIG. 1 Schematic Diagram of Airflow ApparatusC522 03 (2016)2flowmeters with
25、 overlapping ranges to enable different airflowvelocities to be measured to the same precision.6.1.3 Differential Pressure Measuring Device, for measur-ing the static pressure difference between the faces of thespecimen with respect to atmosphere.NOTE 2Aslant manometer or pressure transducer system
26、with a rangefrom 0 to 250 Pa is usually satisfactory, but a second instrument with asmaller range, for example, 0 to 25 Pa, may be necessary for measuringsmall pressures to the desired precision.6.1.4 Specimen-Mounting Assembly, consists essentially ofa mounting plate and a specimen holder as shown
27、in Fig. 2. Themounting plate has two holes for tube connections to thepressure measuring device and to the airflow supply. Thespecimen holder, which is sealed to the mounting plate, ispreferably a transparent plastic tube at least 150 mm long witha diameter not less than 50 mm. For testing materials
28、 that willsupport themselves, such as disks cut from boards, a slighttaper at the top of holder will enable the specimen to be pressedinto position with a tight fit. For testing materials that will notsupport themselves, a removable screen held in position at least25 mm above the mounting plate may
29、be used alone or with aplunger assembly that can compress the specimen to a knownthickness. For testing thin materials, such as fabrics or papers,a flange at the top of the holder, together with a clamping ring,will enable the specimen to be held securely for testing.Specimens larger than the area o
30、f the holder can be tested withsuitable fittings attached to the end of the holder. In such cases,care must be taken to ensure that the airflow through the edgesof the specimen is negligible in comparison to that through theface.FIG. 2 Specimen HolderC522 03 (2016)3NOTE 3If measurements are made con
31、currently by the impedancetube method, Test Method E384, the two instruments may convenientlyhave the same inside diameter.7. Sampling7.1 Three or more specimens of a uniform sample materialshould be tested. When the sample is not uniform the speci-mens should be selected to include the variations i
32、n the properproportion, or several representative specimens of the materialsshould be tested and the results averaged.8. Test Specimens8.1 BoardsRelatively hard, firm materials at least 5 mmthick. For transverse airflow resistance, disks are cut or sawedfrom the sample with diameter to fit tightly i
33、nto the specimenholder. Coating the edges of the disks with grease may benecessary to form an airtight seal between the specimen and theholder wall. For lateral airflow resistance, several boards arelaminated together and a new board cut with faces at rightangles to the original faces of the boards.
34、 Disks cut from thelaminated board are tested in the usual manner.8.2 BlanketsRelatively soft, flexible materials at least 5mm thick. Disks cut from the sample are laid on the removablescreen. If desired, the plunger assembly may be used tocompress the blanket to the desired thickness. Care must bet
35、aken to prevent leakage around the edge of the specimen. Atransparent holder helps in spotting leaks.8.3 SheetsMaterials less than 5 mm thick. Disks withdiameter a little less than the outer diameter of the flange at thetop of the specimen holder are held in place with the clampingring with grease o
36、n the flange to limit the porous part of thespecimen to the inside diameter of the holder. Grease is alsoused to prevent flow of air into the edges of the specimen.Sheet materials with very low specific airflow resistance maybe tested by stacking layers of specimens separated with airspaces to obtai
37、n a measurable pressure drop. The average resultfor a single layer should be reported.9. Procedure9.1 Mount the test specimen according to the type of test tobe made. Seal the specimen holder to the mounting plate andadjust the airflow to give readable settings on the flowmeterand pressure measuring
38、 device. Start at an airflow velocity wellbelow 50 mm/s. Record the differential pressure, P, the flowrate, U, and the calculated quotient, R = P/U.9.2 Repeat the measurements several times, using a largerairflow rate each time. If the apparent resistance increases in asteady way, the airflow is pro
39、bably turbulent and the readingsmust be discarded. Make a series of at least three measure-ments at well separated airflow velocities (25 % recommendedminimum differential) below the turbulent level.9.3 Measurements should be made where possible within atemperature range of 22 6 5C. No adjustment to
40、 the calcu-lated results shall be made for barometric pressure.10. Calculation10.1 Calculated the airflow resistance in mks acoustic ohms(Pas/m3) from the expression:R 5 P/U (1)where P/U is the average value of ten or more readings madein the region of laminar airflow.10.2 Calculate the specific air
41、flow resistance in mks rayls(Pas/m) from the expression:r 5 SP/U (2)10.3 Calculate the airflow resistivity in mks rayls/m (Pas/m2) from the expression:r05 SP/TU (3)10.4 See Table 1 to convert from cgs to mks and SI units.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Complete identification
42、and description of thematerial,11.1.2 Type of test and mounting,11.1.3 Description and dimensions of test specimen,11.1.4 Conditioning procedure used, if any,11.1.5 Number of specimens tested,11.1.6 Individual and average values of test results, in mksunits, and11.1.7 Temperature, barometric pressur
43、e, and relative hu-midity.11.2 If a test is made intentionally in the transitional orturbulent airflow region, the reason should be given, and thelinear airflow velocities at which the measurements are madeshall be stated.12. Precision and Bias12.1 No quantitative statement on bias can be made at th
44、istime since there is presently no material available with knowntrue values of performance, which can be used for determiningthe bias of this test method.12.2 The within- and between-laboratory precision of thistest method, expressed in terms of the within-laboratory, 95 %Repeatability Interval, I(r
45、), and the between-laboratory, 95 %,Reproducibility Interval, I(R), is listed in Table 2. Thesestatistics are based on the results of a round-robin test programinvolving seven laboratories.12.3 The significance of the Repeatability and Reproduc-ibility Intervals is as follows:12.3.1 Repeatability In
46、terval, I(r)In the same laboratoryon the same material, the absolute value of the difference intwo test results will be expected to exceed I(r) only about 5 %of the time.TABLE 2 Within-Laboratory Repeatability, I(r), and Between-Laboratory Reproducibility, I(R)MaterialAvgSpecificAirflowResistance(MK
47、SRayls)Repeat-abilityUncertainty(r)Reproduc-ibilityUncertainty(R)Repeat-abilityIntervalI(r)Reproduc-ibilityIntervalI(R)Scotfelt foam 900.071 2.405 10.577 6.735 29.616C522 03 (2016)412.3.2 Reproducibility Interval, I(R)In different laborato-ries on the same material, the absolute value of the differe
48、ncein two test results will be expected to exceed I(R) only about5 % of the time.13. Keywords13.1 absorption; acoustical materials; airflow resistance;airflow resistivityANNEX(Mandatory Information)A1. LABORATORY ACCREDITATIONA1.1 ScopeA1.1.1 This annex describes procedures for accrediting atesting
49、laboratory to perform tests in accordance with this testmethod. This annex was prepared in accordance with GuideE717 and describes procedures.A1.2 Referenced DocumentsA1.2.1 ASTM Standards:E548 Guide for General Criteria Used for Evaluating Labora-tory Competence2E717 Guide for Preparation of Accreditation Annex ofAcoustical Test Standards2A1.3 General RequirementsA1.3.1 The testing agency shall make available to theaccrediting authority the information required by Sections 4 to7 of Practice E548.A1.4 Requirements Specific to This Test MethodA1.4.1
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