[外语类试卷]大学英语四级模拟试卷98及答案与解析.doc

1、大学英语四级模拟试卷 98及答案与解析 一、 Part I Writing (30 minutes) 1 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic On a Harmonious Dormitory Life. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese: 1. 宿舍生活有时会出现不和谐的情况 2. 一个和谐宿舍生活的必要性 3. 如何创造和谐的宿舍生活 二、

2、 Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Directions: In this part, you will have 15 minutes to go over the passage quickly and answer the questions attached to the passage. For questions 1-7, mark： Y (for YES) if the statement agrees with the information given in the passa

3、ge; N (for NO) if the statement contradicts the information given in the passage; NG (for NOT GIVEN) if the information is not given in the passage. 2 ABSENTEEISM IN NURSING: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY Absence from work is a costly and disruptive problem for any organization. The cost of absenteeism in Au

4、stralia has been put at 1.8 million hours per day or $1400 million annually. The study reported here was conducted in the Prince William Hospital in Brisbane, Australia, where, prior to this time, few active steps had been taken to measure, understand or manage the occurrence of absenteeism. Nursing

5、 Absenteeism A prevalent(普遍的 ) attitude amongst many nurses in the group selected for study was that there was no reward or recognition for not utilizing the paid sick leave entitlement allowed them in their employment conditions. Therefore, they believed they may as well take the days off-sick or o

6、therwise. Similar attitudes have been noted by James(1989), who noted that sick leave is seen by many workers as a right, like annual holiday leave. Miller and Norton(1986), in their survey of 865 nursing personnel, found that 73 percent felt they should be rewarded for not taking sick leave, becaus

7、e some employees always used their sick leave. Further, 67 percent of nurses felt that administration was not sympathetic to the problems shift work causes to employees personal and social lives. Only 53 percent of the respondents felt that every effort was made to schedule staff fairly. In another

8、longitudinal study of nurses working in two Canadian hospitals, Hackett, Bycio and Guion(1989) examined the reasons why nurses took absence from work. The most frequent reason stated for absence was minor illness to self. Other causes, in decreasing order of frequency, were illness in family, family

9、 social function, work to do at home and bereavement. Method In an attempt to reduce the level of absenteeism amongst the 250 registered and enrolled nur ses in the present study, the Prince William management introduced three different, yet potential ly complementary, strategies over 18 months. Str

10、ategy 1: Non-financial(material) incentives Within the established wage and salary system it was not possible to use hospital funds to support this strategy. However, it was possible to secure incentives(刺激 ) from local businesses, including free passes to entertainment parks, theatres, restaurants,

11、 etc. At the end of each roster period, the ward with the lowest absence rate would win the prize. Strategy 2: Flexible fair rostering Where possible, staff were given the opportunity to determine their working schedule within the limits of clinical needs. Strategy 3: Individual absenteeism and coun

12、seling Each month, managers would analyze the pattern of absence of staff with excessive sick leave(greater than ten days per year for full-time employees). Characteristic patterns of potential voluntary absenteeism such as absence before and after days off, excessive weekend and night duty absence

13、and multiple single days off were communicated to all ward(病房 ) nurses and then, as necessary, followed up by action. Results Absence rates for the six months prior to the incentive scheme ranged from 3.69 percent to 4.32 per cent. In the following six months they ranged between 2.87 per cent and 3.

14、96 percent. This represents a 20 per cent improvement. However, analyzing the absence rates on a year-to-year basis, the overall absence rate was 3.60 percent in the first year and 3.43 percent in the following year. This represents a 5 percent decrease from the first to the second year of the study

15、. A significant decrease in absence over the two-year period could not be demonstrated. Discussion The non-financial incentive scheme did appear to assist in controlling absenteeism in the short term. As the scheme progressed it became harder to secure prizes and this contributed to the pro grams lo

16、sing momentum and finally ceasing. There were mixed results across wards as well. For example, in wards with staff members who had long-term genuine illness, there was little chance of winning, and to some extent the staff on those wards were disempowered. Our experience would suggest that the tong-

17、term effects of incentive awards on absenteeism are questionable. Over the time of the study, staff were given a larger degree of control in their rosters. This led to significant improvements in communication between managers and staff. A similar effect was found from the implementation of the thir

18、d strategy. Many of the nurses had not realized the impact their behaviour was having on the organization and their colleagues but there were also staff members who felt that talking to them about their absenteeism was picking on them and this usually had a negative effect on management-employee rel

19、ationships. Conclusion Although there has been some decrease in absence rates, no single strategy or combination of strategies has had a significant impact on absenteeism per se(本身 ). Notwithstanding the disappointing results, it is our contention(论点 ) that the strategies were not in vain. A shared

20、owner ship of absenteeism and a collaborative approach to problem solving has facilitated improved cooperation and communication between management and staff. It is our belief that this improvement alone, while not tangibly measurable, has increased the ability of management to manage the effects of

21、 absenteeism more effectively since this study. 2 The Prince William Hospital has been trying to reduce absenteeism amongst nurses for many years. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 3 Nurses in the Prince William Hospital study believed that there were benefits in taking as little sick leave as possible. （ A） Y

22、（ B） N （ C） NG 4 Just over half the nurses in the 1986 study believed that management understood the effects that shift work had on them. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 5 The Canadian study found that illness in the family was a greater cause of absenteeism than work to do at home. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 6 In

23、 relation to management attitude to absenteeism the study at the Prince William Hospital found similar results to the two 1989 studies. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 7 The study at the Prince William Hospital aimed to find out the causes of absenteeism amongst 250 nurses. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 8 The study a

24、t the Prince William Hospital involved changes in management practices. （ A） Y （ B） N （ C） NG 9 In the first strategy, wards with the lowest absenteeism in different period would win prizes donated by _. 10 In the second strategy, staff were given more control over their _. 11 Before Strategy 1 was

25、applied, the absence rate varied from _. Section A Directions: In this section, you will hear 8 short conversations and 2 long conversations. At the end of each conversation, one or more questions will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. Af

26、ter each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. （ A） At 10. （ B） At 10:30. （ C） At 11. （ D） At 11:30. （ A） It may not change this time. （ B） It will be fine. （ C） It hasnt been good lately. （ D） The

27、weather is unpredictable. （ A） The course may not be so good now. （ B） Prof. Paulson has retired. （ C） The course is definitely worthwhile. （ D） The course is even more interesting now. （ A） Leave for home. （ B） Check the language lab. （ C） Buy a new locks. （ D） Show the man where the lab is. （ A） S

28、he wont go to the movies. （ B） She doesnt like going to the movies. （ C） She is more interested in going to the movies than in reading. （ D） She has a lot of work to do before going to the movies. （ A） Lily agrees with her aunt. （ B） Lily likes her father better than her aunt. （ C） Lily resembles he

29、r mother. （ D） Lily looks more like her father. （ A） From 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. （ B） From 8 a.m. to 6 p.m. （ C） From 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. （ D） From 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. （ A） Disappointed. （ B） Happy. （ C） Regretful. （ D） Sad. （ A） She doesnt know which topic to choose. （ B） Her assignments are due on the same da

30、y. （ C） Shes concerned about the spotted owl. （ D） She dislikes her economics class. （ A） A scarcity of jobs in their field. （ B） Inadequate training in methods of biological research. （ C） Difficulties in classifying all of the varieties of owls. （ D） A lack of funding for their work with endangere

31、d species. （ A） It has numerous traits in common with the spotted owl. （ B） Its population is increasing. （ C） It may not survive without special efforts of conservationists. （ D） Its role in the chain of evolution has not yet been examined. （ A） The size of the cafeteria. （ B） The food served in th

32、e cafeteria. （ C） The cost of meals in the cafeteria. （ D） Career opportunities in cafeterias. （ A） Inform students of the disadvantages of frying food. （ B） Find other students who will work in the cafeteria. （ C） Ask students to try a new dish he has made. （ D） Collect students opinions about meal

33、s. （ A） Use less sauce on the food. （ B） Serve some less expensive food. （ C） Make some of the meals less fattening. （ D） Stop serving hamburgers and fried chicken. （ A） Very doubtful. （ B） Quite annoyed. （ C） Somewhat curious. （ D） unpractical. Section B Directions: In this section, you will hear 3

34、 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. （ A） A box. （ B） A book. （ C） A young tree. （ D） An apple. （

35、A） Because the farmer planted the tree near the road. （ B） Because the farmer planted the tree on one of his field. （ C） Because the farmer planted the tree near his house. （ D） Because the farmer planted the tree in his woods. （ A） The Farmer and an Apple Tree. （ B） How to Plant an Apple Tree. （ C）

36、 A Friends Gift. （ D） An Apple Tree. （ A） They help to cure anxiety. （ B） They help gain insight into the cause of anxiety. （ C） They help to control anxiety. （ D） They help patients to work efficiently. （ A） They reduce a persons appetite. （ B） They keep a person from being persistent in face of tr

37、ouble. （ C） They make a persons nerve system weak. （ D） They make a person more vulnerable m disease. （ A） Prejudiced. （ B） Enthusiastic. （ C） Indifferent. （ D） Objective. （ A） They can easily learn quite long poems by heart. （ B） They can remember long stories by heart. （ C） The can remember almost

38、 everything they have read. （ D） They can remember things they have only read once. （ A） Because they are too small to understand the rules. （ B） Because they are absent-minded. （ C） Because they have so little time for it. （ D） Because they are not interested in it. （ A） Camera. （ B） Cinema. （ C） P

39、icture. （ D） Photo. （ A） Time. （ B） Interest. （ C） Memory. （ D） Textbook. Section C Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read for the first time, you should listen carefully for its general idea. When the passage is read for the second time, you are r

40、equired to fill in the blanks numbered from 36 to 43 with the exact words you have just heard. For blanks numbered from 44 to 46 you are required to fill in the missing information. For these blanks, you can either use the exact words you have just heard or write down the 37 There have been a lot of

41、 changes in American eating habits in the last ten years. One is the growing 【 B1】 _ of the nutritional value of the food. Another is an 【 B2】 _ interest in a variety of international foods. Since about 1970, Americans have been more and more 【 B3】 _ about health. They have begun to notice the 【 B4】

42、 _ in what they eat. When they select food in the supermarket, they turn the 【 B5】 _ over to read the labels carefully. They prefer to eat food that is produced without unnecessary 【 B6】_ and often choose fruits and vegetables grown without 【 B7】 _ used to kill insects. A small group of Americans, c

43、alled 【 B8】 _, has decided not to eat meat. 【 B9】 _. Also more and more Americans have become interested in food from other countries. 【 B10】 _. Chinese, Japanese, French, Italian, and Greek cooking, as well as many other recipes, are all popular these days in the United States. 【 B11】_. 37 【 B1】 38

44、 【 B2】 39 【 B3】 40 【 B4】 41 【 B5】 42 【 B6】 43 【 B7】 44 【 B8】 45 【 B9】 46 【 B10】 47 【 B11】 Section A Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage

45、through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item with a single line through the center. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once. 48 With a mixed feeling of pride and discontent, Pro

46、f. Mitchell sat on the front lawn of Prince ton High School, watching the Class of 2004 【 S1】 _. Her pride was for the seniors average SAT score of 1237, third-highest in the state, and their admission to famous universities like Harvard, Yale and Duke. As president of the high school alumni(校友 ) as

47、sociation, Ms. Mitchell deserved to 【 S2】 _ the tradition of public-education excellence. Though, she felt quite 【 S3】 _ about Blake, her own son. He was receiving his diploma on this June afternoon only after years of struggle. More often than not, the science teacher said he was merely 【 S4】 _ of

48、Cs. Even at that, Ms. Mitchell realized, Blake had done 【 S5】 _ better than several friends who were not 【 S6】_ at the graduation ceremony. They were headed instead for crash courses(补习班 ). “I said to myself: Oh, no. Please, no,“ Ms. Mitchell recalled. “I was so hurt. These were 【 S7】 _ kids. This s

49、houldnt have been happening.“ It did not escape Ms. Mitchells notice that her son and most of those less 【 S8】_ classmates were black. They were the 【 S9】 _ of an accomplished school districts dirty little secret, a racial achievement gap that has been 【 S10】 _ and left uncorrected for decades. Now that pattern may have to change under the pressure of the federal No Child Left Behind law. Word