[外语类试卷]考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷103及答案与解析.doc

1、考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 103及答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 0 Specialization can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units, one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for furth

2、er research. But specialization was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity. No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can

3、be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur“ does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialization in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement

4、of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kin

5、gdom. A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies repr

6、esented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way

7、. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth

8、century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, w

9、hereas the amateurs have tended either to remain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way. Although the process of professionalisation and specialization was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed u

10、ntil the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science. 1 The growth of specialization in the 19th century might be more clearly seen in sciences such as_. （ A） sociology and chemistry （ B）

11、physics and psychology （ C） sociology and psychology （ D） physics and chemistry 2 We can infer from the passage that_. （ A） there is little distinction between specialization and professionalisation （ B） amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science （ C） professionals tend to welc

12、ome amateurs into the scientific community （ D） amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones 3 The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate_. （ A） the process of specialization and professionalisation （ B） the hardship of amateurs in scientific study （ C） the change

13、of policies in scientific publications （ D） the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 4 The direct reason for specialization is_. （ A） the development in communication （ B） the growth of professionalisation （ C） the expansion of scientific knowledge （ D） the splitting up of academic socie

14、ties 4 A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, w

15、ere the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic. There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access after all, the

16、 more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will be netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital d

17、ivide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that weve ever had. Of course, the use of the Internet isnt the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we

18、have. But it has enormous potential. To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the hi

19、story of infrastructure(the basic structural foundations of a society)in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didnt have the capital to do so. And that is why Americas Second Wave infrastructure including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on were bui

20、lt with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britains former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that

21、matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off youre going to be. That doesnt mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing h

22、ow important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet. 5 Digital divide is something_. （ A） getting worse because of the Internet （ B） the rich countries are responsible for （ C） the world must guard against （ D） considered positive

23、 today 6 Governments attach importance to the Internet because it_. （ A） offers economic potentials （ B） can bring foreign funds （ C） can soon wipe out world poverty （ D） connects people all over the world 7 The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of_. （ A） providing

24、 financial support overseas （ B） preventing foreign capitals control （ C） building industrial infrastructure （ D） accepting foreign investment 8 It seems that now a countrys economy depends much on_. （ A） how well developed it is electronically （ B） whether it is prejudiced against immigrants （ C） w

25、hether it adopts Americas industrial pattern （ D） how much control it has over foreign corporations 8 Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-a

26、nalysis known as the journalism credibility project. Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of head-scratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want. But the sources of

27、distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates(patterns)into which they plug each days events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise c

28、onfusing news. There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers, which helps explain why the “standard templates“ of the newsroom seem alien to many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle-size cities around the country, pl

29、us one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions. Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedes, and trade stocks, and theyre less likely to

30、 go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in a community. Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isnt rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial

31、 skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers. This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums an

32、d a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly

33、on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class. 9 What is the passage mainly about? （ A） Needs of the readers all over the world. （ B） Causes of the public disappointment about newspapers. （ C） Origins of the declining newspaper industry. （ D）

34、Aims of a journalism credibility project. 10 The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be_. （ A） quite trustworthy （ B） somewhat contradictory （ C） very illuminating （ D） rather superficial 11 The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their_. （ A） wo

35、rking attitude （ B） conventional lifestyle （ C） world outlook （ D） educational background 12 Despite its efforts, he newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readers owing to its_. （ A） failure to realize its real problem （ B） tendency to hire annoying reporters （ C） likeliness to do inaccurate r

36、eporting （ D） prejudice in matters of race and gender 12 The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions never witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at th

37、is process and worrying: “Wont the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?“ Theres no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more

38、 than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production

39、 of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy. I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globaliza

40、tion process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the worlds wealth increases. E

41、xamples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could recreate the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of te

42、lecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan but it do

43、es not appear that consumers are being hurt. Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched a few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are

44、 being created? Wont multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition“ on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U.S. vs. Microsoft cas

45、e? 13 What is the typical trend of businesses today? （ A） To take in more foreign funds （ B） To invest more abroad （ C） To combine and become bigger （ D） To trade with more countries 14 According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is_. （ A） the greater customer demands （ B） a s

46、urplus supply for the market （ C） a growing productivity （ D） the increase of the worlds wealth 15 From Paragraph 4 we can infer that_. （ A） the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers （ B） WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs （ C） the costs of the globalization

47、 process are enormous （ D） the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition 16 Toward the new business wave, the writers attitude can be said to be_. （ A） optimistic （ B） objective （ C） pessimistic （ D） biased 考博英语（阅读理解）模拟试卷 103答案与解析 一、 Reading Comprehension 【知识模块】 阅读理解 1 【正确答案】 D 【试题解析】 本题可

48、参照文章的第 2段。从文章第 2段倒数两句话可知， 19世纪专业分工的发展加上时间更长、内容更复杂的培训，暗示了业余人员参与科学研究将会碰到更多的问题。这一趋势在以数学或实验室培训为基础的科学领域里自然表现得尤为突出。英国地质学的发展可以阐明这种趋势。据此可知， 19世纪专业化的发展在那些以数学或实验室训练为基础的科学领域可能看得更清晰。 D项与文章的意思相符，因此 D项为正确答案。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 2 【正确答案】 B 【试题解析】 从文章第 3段的内容可知，在 19世纪， 区域地质学研究本身象征着有价值的科研活动；但是，在 20世纪，区域地质学研究只有收编并仔细考虑更广泛的地质学问

49、题，才会逐渐被专业人员接受；另一方面，业余人员继续以其熟悉的方式从事地方地质学研究。据此可知，业余人员可以在某些研究领域同专业人员竞争。 B项与文章的意思相符，因此 B项为正确答案。 【知识模块】 阅读理解 3 【正确答案】 A 【试题解析】 从文章第 2段的最后一句话可知，这一趋势在以数学或实验室培训为基础的科学领域里自然表现得尤为突出。英国地质学的发展可以阐明这种趋势；从第 3段的内容可知 ，比较一下英国最近一个半世纪的地质学方面的刊物，人们发现，不仅研究的重要性愈来愈受到强调，并且，学术论文的出版标准亦在不断改变。在 19世纪，区域地质学研究本身象征着有价值的科研活动；但是，在20世纪，区域研究只有收编并仔细考虑更广泛地地质学问题，才会逐渐被专业人员接受。另一方面，业余人员继续以其熟悉的的方式从事区域研究。其结果导致了业余人员在专业地质刊物上发表论文更加困难。 19世纪的国家级杂志和 20世纪的几家地方地质杂志评审制度先后地广泛引进，促使该问题表现得更为明显。这一发展的必然结果是，导致分别出现了以 专业读者或业余读者为主要对象的刊物。另一相似的分化进程是，全国专