1、Designation: C 593 06Standard Specification forFly Ash and Other Pozzolans for Use With Lime for SoilStabilization1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 593; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This specification covers the qualification of fly ash andother pozzolans for use with lime in plastic, nonplasti
3、c mix-tures and other mixtures that affect lime pozzolanic reactionrequired by soil stabilization. Evaluation of pozzolans contain-ing available lime, such as Class C fly ash, is given consider-ation. Pozzolans covered include artificial pozzolans such asfly ash, and natural pozzolans, such as diato
4、mite and pumicite,in either raw or calcined state.1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of r
5、egulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C25 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Limestone,Quicklime, and Hydrated LimeC 39/C 39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cy-lindrical Concrete SpecimensC50 Practice for Sampling, Sample Preparation, Packag-ing, a
6、nd Marking of Lime and Limestone ProductsC51 Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as usedby the Industry)C 109/C 109M Test Method for Compressive Strength ofHydraulic Cement Mortars(Using 2-in. or 50-mm CubeSpecimens)C110 Test Methods for Physical Testing of Quicklime,Hydrated Lime, and Limes
7、toneC 305 Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic CementPastes and Mortars of Plastic ConsistencyC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash orNatural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statementsfor Test Methods for Construction M
8、aterialsC 821 Specification for Lime for Use with PozzolansD 1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms specific to this specification, seeTerminology C51.4. Physical Propertie
9、s4.1 Pozzolans for use with lime in plastic mixtures, whentested in accordance with the procedures of Sections 7-9, shallconform to the requirements prescribed in Table 1.4.2 Pozzolans for use with lime in nonplastic mixtures shallconform to the requirements of Table 1, except the lime-pozzolan stre
10、ngth requirement, and in addition shall be testedin accordance with the procedures of Section 10.NOTE 1If the minimum value of the vacuum saturation strengthspecified in 4.2 of this specification is reduced, sufficient documentationshall be provided to the user to enable the determination of a satis
11、factoryminimum residual strength for the given material in its intended use. Suchdocumentation should include at least the following: (1) determination ofa minimum residual strength requirement that will enable the material toperform its structural function in the pavement system; and (2) a rational
12、analysis, using actual climatic data, that will show the severity of exposureof the material to cyclic freeze-thaw action.5. Sampling5.1 Sample pozzolan in accordance with the applicableprovisions of Test Methods C311, except take one 10-lb(4.5-kg) sample from approximately each 400 tons (350 metric
13、tons) of pozzolan.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C07 on Limeand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C07.03 on Industrial Uses.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2006. Published December 2006. Originallyapproved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2005
14、as C 593 05.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.TABLE 1 Physical RequirementsWater-soluble fracti
15、on, max, % 10.0Fineness, amount retained, when wet sieved:No. 30 (600-m) sieve, max, % 2.0No. 200 (75-m) sieve, max, % 30.0Lime-pozzolan strength, minimum compressive strength, psi (MPa):At 7 days, 130 6 3F(546 2 C) 600 (4.1)After additional 21 days, 736 3F(236 2 C) 600 (4.1)Compressive strength, mi
16、n, psi (MPa) 400 (2.8)Vacuum saturation strength, min, psi (MPa) 400 (2.8)1*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2 The sampling procedures and techniques sh
17、all be con-sistent from original sample to project completion.TEST METHODS6. Significance and Use6.1 This test method states various procedures that arerecommended to quantify various aspects of the lime enhancedpozzolanic reaction. These tests are intended to qualify sourcesof fly ash and other poz
18、zolans to meet specified job or projectcriteria as related to soil stabilization.7. Water-Soluble Fraction7.1 ProcedurePlace 10 g of a dried pozzolan sample(dried to constant weight in an oven at 221 to 230 F (105 to110 C) in a 200-mL Erlenmeyer flask and add 100 mL ofdistilled water at 73 6 3F(236
19、2 C). Shake well by handuntil no lumps can be observed; then with a mechanical shakeror stirring device, agitate at laboratory room temperature for aperiod of 1 h. Pour the material into a weighed Gooch orsintered-glass crucible, and wash all residue from the flask intothe crucible with distilled wa
20、ter from a wash bottle. Wash theresidue in the crucible free of adhering solution by repeatedwashings with distilled water. Dry the crucible to constantweight in an oven at 221 F (105 C).7.2 CalculationCalculate the percentage of water-solublefraction by multiplying the loss in weight in grams by 10
21、.8. Fineness8.1 Test in accordance with Test Methods C110, except thatthe sample shall be 100 g of the dried pozzolan.9. Lime-Pozzolan Strength Development9.1 Test the pozzolan in accordance with the applicableportions of Test Method C 109/C 109M and Practice C 305,and in accordance with the followi
22、ng:9.2 Apparatus:9.2.1 Oven, closed, vapor-type.9.3 Materials:9.3.1 Hydrated LimeWhere possible, the lime shall be thesame as that to be used on the job and shall meet therequirements of Specification C 821.9.3.2 SandThe sand shall be graded standard sand asrequired by Test Method C 109/C 109M.9.4 N
23、umber of Test SpecimensThree specimens shall beprepared for each age at which a strength test is desired.9.5 Proportioning, Consistency, and MixingBatches shallbe of a size sufficient to make six specimens and shall consistof proportions of dry materials as follows:Hydrated lime 180 gPozzolan (dry b
24、asis) 360 gGraded standard sand 1480 g9.5.1 The amount of mixing water, measured in millilitres,shall be such as to produce a flow of 65 to 75 as determined inaccordance with 9.6, and shall be expressed as weight percentof the combined lime and pozzolan. The lime and pozzolanshall be blended togethe
25、r in a closed container. Mixing shall bedone in accordance with the procedure described in PracticeC 305, except that it shall be amended to read “Add theblended lime and pozzolan to the water and allow it to stand for1 min. Then start the mixer and mix at slow speed (140 6 5rpm) for 30 s.”9.6 Deter
26、mination of FlowDetermine the flow in accor-dance with Test Method C 109/C 109M, except that the num-ber of drops of the flow table shall be 10 drops in 6 s insteadof 25 drops in 15 s. If the flow is less than the specified limit,the material used for the flow test may be returned to themixing bowl
27、and additional water added, the batch mixed for112 min, and a new flow taken. This operation may be repeateduntil a flow within the specified range is obtained. If the flowexceeds the range specified, discard the batch and give a newbatch a new trial until a flow within range is obtained.9.7 Molding
28、 Test SpecimensImmediately after thecompletion of the flow test, mold specimens in accordancewith Test Method C 109/C 109M.9.8 Storage of Test SpecimensWhen molding is com-pleted, place the filled mold in the vapor immediately abovewater at 130 6 3F(546 2 C) in a closed vapor oven withthe top surfac
29、e protected from the drip. Allow the specimens inthe molds to remain in the vapor for a period of 7 days, afterwhich remove them from the vapor and cool to 73 6 3F(236 2 C) in air saturated sufficiently that no drying takes placeduring the cooling. When the specimens are cool, remove themfrom the mo
30、lds, and store them at 73 6 3F(236 2 C) at 95to 100 % relative humidity until time of the compressivestrength test.10. Compressive Strength Development and Freeze-ThawResistance of Nonplastic Mixtures10.1 Materials:10.1.1 Hydrated LimeWhere possible, the lime shall bethe same as that to be used on t
31、he job and shall meet theapplicable requirements of Specification C 821. Prior to usage,the lime shall be stored in a sealed container to preventcarbonation.10.1.2 PozzolanThe pozzolan used in this test shall be thesame as intended for use on the job.10.1.3 AggregateWhere possible, the aggregate use
32、d inthis test shall be the same as intended for use on the job. Whenusing job aggregates, discard the material, if any, retained onthe34-in. (19.0-mm) sieve. If the aggregate fraction betweenthe34-in. and No. 4 (4.75-mm) sieve does not contain freesurface moisture, then that fraction of the aggregat
33、e shall besoaked for 24 h and towel dried to obtain a saturated surfacedry condition. If job aggregates are not available, gradedstandard sand as specified in Test Method C 109/C 109M shallbe used.10.2 Number of SpecimensThree specimens shall consti-tute one test for the compressive strength test wi
34、th threeadditional specimens for the freeze-thaw test.10.3 ProportioningThe proportion of dry materials byweight shall be, where possible, the same proportions asintended for use on the job. If graded standard sand is used asthe aggregate, the proportions of dry materials by weight shallbe as follow
35、s:Hydrated lime 4 %Pozzolan 24 %Graded standard sand 72 %C593062The amount of mixing water shall be the optimum moisturecontent as determined by Method C of Test Methods D 1557,except that the 5-lift requirement is replaced with 3 lifts andNote 1 is not to be used. In determining the moisture-densit
36、yrelationship, mix dry materials in a Lancaster PC Mixer, or itsequivalent, for 1 min, or until the mixture is uniform in colorand texture, plus an additional 3 min after the water is added inorder to obtain the first point on the moisture-density curve.The original sample may be reused for subseque
37、nt trials. Thebatch shall be mixed for an additional minute after the waterhas been added for each subsequent trial.10.4 Mixing and Molding Test Specimens After the opti-mum moisture content is obtained by the above procedure, abatch large enough to make three 4.0 by 4.6-in. (102 by117-mm) cylinders
38、 (approximately 15 lb (7 kg) shall be mixedin the following manner: Mix the dry materials in a LancasterPC Mixer, or its equivalent, for 1 min or until the mixture isuniform in color and texture, followed by the addition of waterthat will give optimum moisture content and an additional 3min of mixin
39、g. Mold the specimens immediately in accordancewith Method C of Test Methods D 1557, except as previouslynoted. Each layer should be scarified to a depth of14 in. (6mm) before the next layer is compacted in order to assure agood bond between the layers. Weigh a representative sampleof the mixture, u
40、sing a container with a tight lid to assure thatno moisture is lost while determining the weight of the sample.Dry to constant weight and calculate the actual moisturecontent of the sample.After molding, weigh each sample in themold to determine the uniformity of molded weights of thespecimens and t
41、hen carefully remove from the mold by the useof a sample extruded, such as a jack or lever frame.10.5 Curing of Test SpecimensImmediately after thespecimens are removed from the mold, reweigh the specimensand place in a sealed container (12-gal (2-L) or 1-gal (4-L) canwith double friction lids) to p
42、revent loss of moisture. Place thespecimens in the sealed containers carefully in a room orcabinet with forced-air circulation maintained at 100 6 3F(38 6 2 C) for a 7-day period. After this period, remove thespecimens from the container, reweigh, and allow to cool toroom temperature. Submerge the s
43、pecimens for compressivestrength testing in water for 4 h, remove, allow to drain on anonabsorbent surface, and cap and test within1hofthetimeof removal from the water.10.6 Number of Test Specimens:10.6.1 Three specimens shall be tested in accordance withTest Method C 39/C 39M;nol/d correction will
44、be consideredin the computation of the compressive strength.10.6.2 Three specimens shall be tested for freeze-thawresistance after being cured in accordance with 10.5 (withoutthe 4-h soaking period) by means of the vacuum saturationstrength testing procedure described in Section 11.11. Vacuum Satura
45、tion Strength Testing Procedure11.1 Equipment:11.1.1 Vacuum Saturation ChamberThe vacuum satura-tion chamber is a 12-in. (305-mm) high by 12-in. insidediameter stainless steel cylindrical section welded to a12-in.(12.7-mm) thick by 14-in. (356-mm) diameter stainless steelbase plate. The wall thickne
46、ss of the cylindrical section is38 in.(9.5 mm). The lid of the vacuum saturation chamber is apoly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) plate 1 in. (13 mm) thickand 14 in. in diameter. Both the PMMA lid and top of thevacuum cylinder are grooved for a14-in. (6.4-mm) circularO-ring seal having an inside diameter
47、 of 1218 in. (308 mm).The lid is fastened to the chamber by six equally spacedthreaded14-in. rods which pass along the outside wall of thecylindrical section and thread into the base plate.11.1.1.1 A sketch of the vacuum saturation chamber de-scribed above is shown in Fig. 1.Avacuum saturation chamb
48、erPMMA cover plate with O-ring sealVacuum source connection12-in. (305-mm) high by 12-in. inside diameter vacuumchamber (aluminum, PMMA, or other suitable mate-rial)Connection to water reservoirSpecimen support plate to fit inside vacuum chamber.Plate is perforated (approximately ten18-in. diameter
49、holesper square inch) to allow complete access of water tospecimens.FIG. 1 Pictorial View of Vacuum Saturation EquipmentC593063of equivalent size and capability is permitted under thisspecification. Vacuum desiccators can also be used for thispurpose.11.1.1.2 A14-in. (6.4-mm) vacuum line connection is lo-cated 1 in. (13 mm) below the top of the vacuum chamber anda38-in. (9.5-mm) water line connection with control valve islocated at the base of the vacuum chamber. The vacuum line isconnected to a commercial vacuum pump and the wa
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