1、Designation: C 650 04Standard Test Method forResistance of Ceramic Tile to Chemical Substances1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 650; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A
2、number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determiningwhether, and to what degree, ceramic tiles are affected byprolonged exposure to che
3、mical substances that are commonlyused in the household or for cleaning purposes as well as othermore severe conditions.1.2 The units used for concentration in this standard are v/vwhich refers to the volume of reagent/1 L of solution and g/Lwhich refers to the weight of reagent, in g, to be dissolv
4、ed in1 L of water.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to u
5、se.2. Summary of Test Method2.1 This test method calls for one or more tests, eachconsisting of exposing flat pieces of ceramic tile to the actionof a specific chemical substance for a definite period of time ata prescribed temperature. After exposure, the surfaces of thetile are rinsed with water a
6、nd inspected for effect.3. Significance and Use3.1 This test method is intended for testing ceramic tile thatare to be used for food counters, lavatories, and similarresidential, medical, and commercial installations, where theymay come in contact with food, chemical, and waste sub-stances and for t
7、ile in areas where they may be exposed tocontact with strong cleaning agents.3.2 The specification of 10 % hydrochloric acid solutionand 10 % potassium hydroxide solution as normal testingfluids, and the length of exposure time and temperature arebased on experimental laboratory work and interlabora
8、torytests, where it was indicated that resistance to these twosubstances probably assures resistance also to any other acidicor alkaline substance coming in contact with tile, excepthydrofluoric acid.3.3 The validity of using color difference as means ofdetermining the degree to which tile surfaces
9、are affected byacids and alkalies has been established by interlaboratory testand was found to be more reliable than the determination ofloss of gloss, particularly for unglazed tile and mat or semimatglazed surfaces. Lack of coordination between instrumentalvalue and visual effect was noted only in
10、 the case of minutesurface changes, detectable only by oblique viewing.4. Apparatus4.1 Test Tubes, plain-end flint glass test tubes with adiameter of 20 mm and a length of 150 mm.4.2 Pipets, glass with a volume of at least 50 mL withgradations in 1-mL increments.4.3 Oven, capable of maintaining a co
11、nstant temperature of110 6 5C.4.4 Pencil, HB hardness grade.4.5 Cloths, a supply of lintless, absorbent cloths or papertowels.4.6 Distilled or Deionized Water, for preparation of thesolutions.4.7 Light Source, standard, that supplies a 300 lux ofillumination.5. Reagents5.1 Purity of ReagentsReagent
12、grade chemicals shall beused in all tests. Unless otherwise indicated, it is intended thatall reagents conform to the specifications of the Committee onAnalytical Reagents of the American Chemical Society wheresuch specifications are available.2Other grades may be used,provided it is first ascertain
13、ed that the reagent is of sufficientlyhigh purity to permit its use without lessening the accuracy ofthe determination.5.2 The required dilutions for the preparation of each testsolution is found in Table 1 of this test method.5.2.1 Common Household and Cleaning Chemicals:5.2.1.1 Acetic acid, 3 % (v
14、/v).5.2.1.2 Acetic acid, 10 % (v/v).1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on CeramicWhitewares and Related Products and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeC21.06 on Ceramic Tile.Current edition approved August 1, 2004. Published August 2004. Originallyapproved in
15、 1970. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as C 65097.2Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, AmericanChemical Society, Washington, DC. For suggestions on the testing of reagents notlisted by the American Chemical Society, see Analar Standards for LaboratoryChemicals, BDH Lt
16、d., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeialand National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,MD.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.2.1.3 Ammonium chloride, 100 g/L.5.2.1.4 C
17、itric acid solution, 30 g/L.5.2.1.5 Citric acid solution, 100 g/L.5.2.1.6 Lactic acid, 5 % (v/v).5.2.1.7 Phosphoric acid, 3 % (v/v).5.2.1.8 Phosphoric acid, 10 % (v/v).5.2.1.9 Sulfamic acid, 30 g/L.5.2.1.10 Sulfamic acid, 100 g/L.5.3 Swimming Pool ChemicalsSodium hypochlorite solu-tion, 20 mg/L, pre
18、pared from technical grade sodium hy-pochlorite with about 13 % of active chloride.5.4 Acids and Bases:5.4.1 Hydrochloric acid solution, 3 % (v/v).5.4.2 Hydrochloric acid solution, 18 % (v/v).5.4.3 Potassium hydroxide, 100 g/L.5.4.4 Potassium hydroxide, 30 g/L.5.5 This test method may be used for ex
19、posing tile to anychemical substance deemed appropriate for the expected ser-vice conditions and may specify any reasonable combination oftime and temperature for the exposure period. Exposuresubstances, time, and temperatures should be selected, either tosimulate service conditions or accelerate de
20、terioration that ispossible under expected service conditions, or bear some othermeaningful relation to expected service conditions.5.6 Hydrofluoric acid should not be used as a test substancebecause most ceramics are silicates and are quite readilyattacked by this acid.6. Samples6.1 Number of Test
21、SpecimensOne defect-free test speci-men that is representative of the entire surface for each testsolution is to be used. Test specimens shall be representative ofthe sample, and where tiles have different colors of decorativeeffects, take care to include all distinctive parts and more testspecimens
22、 as necessary to incorporate all surface features.6.2 Size of SpecimensThe original tile for testing shouldbe cut to 50 by 50-mm squares for testing with each cut piecelabeled according to the testing solution to be applied.6.3 The sample surfaces should be cleaned thoroughly witha suitable solvent,
23、 such as acetone, and completely dried beforetesting.6.4 The test specimens can be glazed or unglazed tile. If thetile are glazed, then apply the testing solutions to the glazedsurface.7. Procedure for Test Solution Application7.1 Application of the Test Solutions:7.1.1 Dry the test specimens thorou
24、ghly at 110 6 5Cbefore testing, and then cool the tile to room temperature.7.1.2 The labeled test specimens are laid out on a table in awell-ventilated area.NOTE 1Precaution: Since this test method involves the use ofconcentrated acids and bases, take proper precautions for the handling ofthese chem
25、icals, such as protective clothing and fume hoods.7.1.3 Transfer 20 mL of the testing solution to a test tube.7.1.4 Place the surface of the tile to be tested face down onthe open end of the test tube.7.1.5 While firmly holding the test tube and tile assemblytogether, invert the assembly so that the
26、 back of the tile isfacing the table and the closed end of the test tube is facing up.7.1.6 Carefully place the assembly on the table and leaveundisturbed for 24 h.7.2 Removal of the Test Solutions:7.2.1 After 24 h of contact between the test specimens andthe test solution has expired, again invert
27、the assembly so thatthe test solution is contained in the test tube, and remove thetest tube from the specimen and dispose of the testing solutionproperly.7.2.2 Thoroughly rinse the specimens under running waterfor a period of 10 min to remove any residual testing solution.If needed, clean the surfa
28、ce with a soft bristle brush to removetest solutions.7.2.3 Dry the specimens thoroughly at 110 6 5C, and coolto room temperature before evaluation.TABLE 1 Preparation of Test SolutionsTest Solution Reagent SourceAmount of ReagentRequired for TestSolutionDistilled WaterRequired for TestSolutionCommon
29、 Household and Cleaning ChemicalsAcetic acid, 3 % (v/v) 99.7 % glacial acetic acid 30 mL 970 mLAcetic acid, 10 % (v/v) 99.7 % glacial acetic acid 100 mL 900 mLAmmonium chloride, 100 g/L 99.5 % ammonium chloride 100 g 900 mLCitric acid solution, 30 g/L 99.5 % citric acid 30 g 970 mLCitric acid soluti
30、on, 100 g/L 99.5 % citric acid 100 g 900 mLLactic acid, 5 % (v/v) 85 % lactic acid 50 mL 950 mLPhosphoric acid, 3 % (v/v) 85 % phosphoric acid 30 mL 970 mLPhosphoric acid, 10 % (v/v) 85 % phosphoric acid 100 mL 900 mLSulfamic acid, 30 g/L 99 % sulfamic acid 30 g 970 mLSulfamic acid, 100 g/L 99 % sul
31、famic acid 101 g 899 mLSwimming pool chemicalsSodium hypochlorite solution, 20 mg/L technical grade sodium hypochlorite with 13 % active clorine 20 mg 980 mLAcids and BasesHydrochloric acid solution, 3 % (v/v) 38 % hydrochloric acid 30 mL 970 mLHydrochloric acid solution, 18 % (v/v) 38 % hydrochlori
32、c acid 180 mL 820 mLPotassium hydroxide, 30 g/L 90 % potassium hydroxide 33.33 g 967 mLPotassium hydroxide, 100 g/L 90 % potassium hydroxide 111 g 889 mLC6500428. Evaluation of Results8.1 Visual EvaluationExamine the surface at a standarddistance of 25 cm and a standard illumination of approximately
33、300 lux. Rotate the sample to examine it for appearance colorand texture from multiple angles. Examine for differences inappearance between the treated and untreated area. If thesample is attacked visibly by the test solution, then the resultsof that testing solution will be recorded as “affected.”
34、If thesample passes the visual test, then use the pencil test in thefollowing section to verify the results.8.2 Pencil TestDraw several lines across the test specimenwith the HB grade pencil, making sure to include treated anduntreated areas. Attempt to remove the pencil lines with adamp cloth. If t
35、he pencil lines are removed from the treatedsurface, then the results for that test solution will be recordedas “not affected.” If the pencil lines are not removed from thetreated surface, the results for that test solution will be recordedas “affected.” If the pencil mark is not removed from theunt
36、reated area, as well as the treated area, then the pencil testmay not be applicable in this case.9. Report9.1 Report the following information:9.1.1 Make out a report or test certificate with each of thetesting solutions used (a sample procedure is in Table 2).9.1.2 Identify the tile being tested by
37、 type, size, and statewhether glazed or unglazed.9.1.3 State the test conditions, that is, type of testingsolutions used, temperature maintained during the test, andlength of exposure.9.1.4 Report the results of the visual inspection for each tileby the simple statements “affected” or “not affected,
38、” as thecase may be.9.1.5 Report the results of the pencil test, if necessary, foreach tile by the simple statements “affected” or “not affected,”as the case may be.9.1.6 State whether a repeat test was necessary.10. Precision and Bias10.1 Qualitative ProcedureThis is a qualitative or pass-fail test
39、; hence, precision and bias are not applicable.11. Keywords11.1 acid resistance; alkali resistance; ceramic tile; chemicalresistance; glaze durabilityC650043ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standar
40、d. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed
41、 every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible t
42、echnical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consho
43、hocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).TABLE 2 90 % Sample Test
44、 CertificateSample Name:Sample Size:Sample Color:Sample Surface Condition:Test SolutionVisual Test(Affected/NotAffected)Pencil Test(Affected/NotAffected)Number ofSamplesCommon Household andCleaning ChemicalsAcetic acid, 3 % (v/v)Acetic acid, 10 % (v/v)Ammonium chloride, 100 g/LCitric acid solution,
45、30 g/LCitric acid solution, 100 g/LLactic acid, 5 % (v/v)Phosphoric acid, 3 % (v/v)Phosphoric acid, 10 % (v/v)Sulfamic acid, 3 % (v/v)Sulfamic acid, 10 % (v/v)Swimming Pool ChemicalsSodium hypochlorite solution,20 mg/L,Acids and BasesHydrochloric acid solution, 3 %(v/v)Hydrochloric acid solution, 18 %(v/v)Potassium hydroxide, 100 g/LPotassium hydroxide, 30 g/LC650044
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