1、Designation: C654M 15Standard Specification forPorous Concrete Pipe (Metric)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C654M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe
2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers porous nonreinforced concretepipe for use
3、 in underdrains.1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Specifi-cation C654.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C33/C33M Specification for Concrete AggregatesC150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixturesfor ConcreteC494/C494M Sp
4、ecification for Chemical Admixtures forConcreteC497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sections,or Tile (Metric)C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC822 Terminology Relating to Concrete
5、 Pipe and RelatedProductsC989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use inConcrete and MortarsC1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures forUse in Producing Flowing ConcreteC1116/C1116M Specification for Fiber-Reinforced ConcreteC1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in theProduc
6、tion of Hydraulic Cement Concrete3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to concretepipe, see Terminology C822.4. Classification4.1 Pipe manufactured according to this specification shallbe of two classes identified as “Standard-Strength PorousNonreinforced Concrete Pipe” and
7、“Extra-Strength PorousNonreinforced Concrete Pipe.”5. Basis of Acceptance5.1 The acceptability of the pipe shall be determined by theresults of the strength and porosity or rate of infiltration tests,and by inspection to determine whether the pipe conforms tothis specification as to design and freed
8、om from defects.5.2 The pipe shall be acceptable under the strength testswhen they have met the requirements as prescribed in Section10.5.3 Acceptance as to Infiltration PropertiesPipe shall beacceptable under the infiltration test when all test pipe conformto the test requirements as prescribed in
9、Section 10.6. Materials6.1 ConcreteThe concrete shall consist of cementitiousmaterials, mineral aggregates, admixtures, if used, and water.6.2 Cementitious Materials:6.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C150/C150M or shall beportland blast-furnace
10、slag cement, portland-limestone cement,or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirementsof Specification C595/C595M, except that the pozzolan con-stituent in the Type IP portlandpozzolan cement shall be flyash.6.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirements ofSpecification C618, Clas
11、s F or Class C.6.2.3 Slag CementSlag cement shall conform to the re-quirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989/C989M.6.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious MaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used in the concreteshall be one of the following:6.2.4.1 Portland cement onl
12、y,6.2.4.2 Portland blast-furnace slag cement only,6.2.4.3 Portland-pozzolan cement only,6.2.4.4 Portland-limestone cement only,1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.01 onNon-Reinforced Concrete Sewer,
13、Drain and Irrigation Pipe.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015. Published October 2015. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C654M 11. DOI:10.1520/C0654M-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serv
14、iceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.2.4.5 A combination of portland cement or portland-lim
15、estone cement and fly ash,6.2.4.6 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and slag cement,6.2.4.7 A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement, fly ash, and slag cement, or6.2.4.8 A combination of portland-pozzolan cement and flyash.6.3 AggregatesAggregates sha
16、ll conform to the require-ments of Specification C33/C33M, except that the requirementfor gradation shall not apply.6.4 AdmixturesThe following admixtures and blends areallowable:6.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to SpecificationC260/C260M;6.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to Specification
17、C494/C494M;6.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowingconcrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and6.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.6.5 FibersSynthetic fibers and nonsynthetic fibers shall beallowed to be used, at the manufacturers option, in concretepipe as
18、 a nonstructural manufacturing material. Synthetic fibers(Type II and Type III) and nonsynthetic fiber (Type I) designedand manufactured specifically for use in concrete and conform-ing to the requirements of Specification C1116/C1116M shallbe accepted.6.6 WaterWater used in the production of concre
19、te shallbe potable or nonpotable water that meets the requirements ofSpecification C1602/C1602M.7. Design7.1 Design TablesDesign requirements shall be in accor-dance with Table 1 and Table 2 and Fig. 1. Wall thickness usedshall be not less than the value shown, except as affected by thetolerance her
20、ein specified.8. Joints8.1 The joints shall be of such design and the ends of theconcrete pipe sections so formed that the pipe can be laidtogether to make a continuous line of pipe compatible with thepermissible variations given in Section 7.9. Manufacture9.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, g
21、raded,proportioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a homogeneous concretemixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the testand design requirements of this specification.9.2 CuringPipe shall be subjected to any one of themethods of curin
22、g described in 9.2.1 through 9.2.3,ortoanyother method or combination of methods approved by theowner that will give satisfactory results. The pipe shall becured for a sufficient length of time so that the concrete willdevelop the specified strength requirement at 28 days or less.9.2.1 Steam CuringP
23、ipe shall be placed in a curingchamber, free from outside drafts, and cured in a moistatmosphere maintained by the injection of steam for such timeand at such temperature as needed to enable the pipe to meetthe strength requirements. The curing chamber shall be con-structed as to allow full circulat
24、ion of steam around the entirepipe.9.2.2 Water CuringConcrete pipe shall be water-cured bycovering with water-saturated material or by a system ofperforated pipes, mechanical sprinklers, porous hose, or by anyTABLE 1 Physical and Dimensional Requirements of PorousConcrete PipeInternalDesignatedDiame
25、ter,DMinimumAWallThickness,TMinimumLayingLengthAMinimumSocketDepth, LsMinimumStrengthThree-Edge-BearingMinimumInfiltrationmm mm mm mm kN/m L/sm100 25 600 25 14.5 0.8150 25 600 25 16.0 1.0200 32 600 32 19.0 1.5250 35 600 35 20.5 2.0300 38 600 38 22.0 2.5375 44 600 44 25.5 3.0450 50 600 50 29.0 3.5525
26、 57 600 57 32.0 4.0600 63 600 63 35.0 4.5ANormally the minimum laying length is 600 mm in length, but if the owner has noobjections, then 450-mm length pipe up to 300 mm in diameter shall beacceptable.TABLE 2 Physical and Dimensional Requirements of Extra-Strength Porous Concrete PipeInternalDesigna
27、tedDiameter,DMinimumAWallThickness,TMinimumLayingLengthAMinimumSocketDepth, LsMinimumStrengthThree-Edge-BearingMinimumInfiltrationmm mm mm mm kN/m L/sm150 32 600 32 32.0 1.0200 38 600 38 38.0 1.5250 41 600 41 41.0 2.0300 50 600 50 44.0 2.5375 57 600 57 46.5 3.0450 63 600 63 46.5 3.5ANormally the min
28、imum laying length is 600 mm in length, but if the owner has noobjections, then 450-mm length pipe up to 300 mm in diameter shall beacceptable.TABLE 3 Permissible Variations in Dimensions of PorousConcrete PipeLimits of Permissible VariationInternalDesignatedDiameter,WallThickness,ALength,TwoOpposit
29、eSidesLength, Depth ofSocket,Amm mm mm mm/m mm100 2 6 20 3150 2 6 20 3200 2 8 20 6250 2 10 20 6300 2 10 20 6375 2 11 20 6450 2 13 20 6525 3 14 20 6600 3 14 31 6AThe minus sign () indicates that the plus variation is not limited.C654M 152other approved method that will keep the pipe moist during thes
30、pecified curing period.9.2.3 The manufacturer has the option to combine themethods described in 9.2.1 and 9.2.2 provided the specifiedstrength is attained.9.3 Specials:9.3.1 General RequirementsSpecial shapes or fittingssuch as wyes, tees, bends, and adapters for use with concretepipe conforming to
31、this specification shall be made of porousor nonporous concrete in such manner as will provide strengthat least equal to the class of the adjacent pipe to which they arejoined; and shall conform to all other requirements specifiedfor pipe of corresponding class and internal diameter, exceptminimum i
32、nfiltration. Joints shall be the same type as used inthe adjoining pipe.9.3.2 Wyes and TeesFabricated branches for wyes and teesshall be securely attached to the wall of the pipe and shall beflush with the inside surface of the pipe.10. Physical Requirements10.1 Test SpecimenThe specified number of
33、pipe requiredfor the tests shall be furnished by the manufacturer and shall beselected at random by the owner, and shall be pipe that wouldnot otherwise be rejected under this specification. The selectionshall be made at the point or points designated by the ownerwhen placing the order. The test pip
34、e shall first be freed fromall visible moisture. When dry, each pipe shall be measured andinspected. The results of these observations shall be recorded.10.2 Number and Type of Test SpecimensThe manufac-turer shall furnish pipe for crushing tests, up to 0.5 % of thenumber of pipe of each size includ
35、ed in the order, except thatin no case shall less than two pipes be furnished.10.3 External Load Crushing RequirementsThe crushingstrength of porous nonreinforced concrete pipe shall conformto the requirements prescribed in Table 1 and Table 2. Theindividual results of the various tests for each siz
36、e of pipe andfor each shipment and plant shall be tabulated separately. Thecrushing strength shall ordinarily be applied to not less than75 % of the pipe received for purpose of test. All tests shall bemade in accordance with Test Methods C497M. Pipe shall beacceptable when all test pipe conform to
37、the specified strengthrequirement. Should any of the test pipe provided in 10.2 failto meet the strength requirement, the manufacturer will beallowed to test two pipe for each pipe that failed, and the pipeshall be acceptable only when all of these additional test pipemeet the strength requirement.1
38、0.4 Infiltration RequirementInfiltration (or porosity)shall conform to the requirements in Table 1 or Table 2.10.4.1 The test pipe shall be placed with a spigot end downon a soft rubber nonpermeable mat, or its equivalent, andweighted or clamped down if necessary to prevent the escapeof water throug
39、h the spigot end of the pipe.10.4.2 Water shall be introduced into the pipe, and thedistance above the bottom of the porous section at which thewater level becomes constant shall be determined. The rate offlow shall be at least equal to the required minimum infiltrationfor1mofpipe as given in Table
40、1 or Table 2.10.4.3 The rate of infiltration per metre of pipe shall bedetermined as follows:LITRES/s 5 L/h (1)where:LITRES/s = infiltration rate in litres per second per metre ofpipe,L = litres per second of flow introduced into the testpipe, andh = height in metres from the bottom of the poroussec
41、tion of the pipe at which the level of waterbecomes constant.10.5 Test EquipmentThe manufacturer shall furnish allequipment, facilities, and personnel necessary to perform at hisplant the tests specified in Section 10. In the event that theowner elects to have tests performed at any other location,
42、themanufacturer will not be required to furnish equipment,facilities, nor personnel.11. Permissible Variations11.1 Permissible variations from the dimensions describedin Table 1 and Table 2 shall not exceed those stated in Table 3FIG. 1 Joint DimensionsC654M 153and . This is not to be construed, how
43、ever, that heavier wallthickness pipe cannot be furnished at the option of themanufacturer. Pipe intended to be straight shall not havevariation in alignment of more than 10 mm/m of length.11.2 Internal DiameterSee Table 4. At the manufacturersoption, the internal diameter shall be one of two altern
44、atives,the Designated Diameter or the Converted English Diameter.Pipe sections that are intended to be jointed to each other shallbe furnished with the same internal diameter alternative. Theinternal diameter of pipe manufactured to the DesignatedDiameters shall vary not more than 63 mm from the Des
45、ig-nated Diameter for 100 mm and 150 mm and 66 mm for largerpipe. The internal diameter of pipe manufactured to theConverted English Diameters shall vary not more than 63mmfrom the Converted English Diameter for 102 mm and 152 mmand 66 mm for larger pipe. For pipe manufactured to Con-verted English
46、Diameters, the corresponding Designated Di-ameter shown in Table 4 shall apply for all other requirementsof this specification.12. Repairs12.1 Pipe repaired because of imperfections in manufactureor damage during handling will be acceptable, if in the opinionof the owner, the repaired pipe conforms
47、to the requirements ofthis specification.13. Inspection13.1 The quality of all materials, the process ofmanufacture, and the finished pipe shall be subject to theinspection and approval by the owner. Such inspection shall beperformed either at the point of manufacture or delivery.14. Rejection14.1 P
48、ipe shall be subject to rejection on account of failureto conform to any of the specification requirements. It is notprohibited for individual sections of pipe to be rejected becauseof any of the following:14.1.1 Fractures or cracks passing through the wall or joints,except that a single crack not e
49、xceeding 50 mm in length ateither end of a pipe or a single fracture in the joints notexceeding 75 mm in width nor more than 50 mm in length shallnot be considered cause for rejection unless these defects existin more than 5 % of the entire shipment or delivery.14.1.2 The planes of the ends of the pipe are not perpen-dicular to the longitudinal axis, subject to the limits of variationas shown in Table 3.14.1.3 Defects that indicate mixing and molding not inaccordance with 9.1.14.1.4 Cracks sufficient to impair the strength,
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