1、Designation: C 655M 04e1METRICStandard Specification forReinforced Concrete D-Load Culvert, Storm Drain, andSewer Pipe Metric1This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 655M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisio
2、n, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.e1NOTEEditorial changes were made
3、 throughout in March 2005.1. Scope1.1 This specification covers reinforced concrete pipe de-signed for specific D-loads and intended to be used for theconveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water andfor the construction of culverts.1.2 This specification is the metric counterpart of Spec
4、ifi-cation C 655.NOTE 1Experience has shown that the successful performance of thisproduct depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, the type ofbedding and backfill, the care that the installation conforms to theconstruction specifications, and provision for adequate inspection at thec
5、onstruction site. This specification does not include requirements forbedding, backfill, the relationship between field load conditions and thestrength designation of pipe, or durability under unusual environmentalconditions. These requirements should be included in the project specifi-cation.2. Ref
6、erenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2A82 Specification for Steel Wire, Plain, for Concrete Re-inforcementA 185 Specification for Steel Welded Wire Reinforcement,Plain, for ConcreteA 496 Specification for Steel Wire, Deformed, for ConcreteReinforcementA 497 Specification for Steel Welded Wire Reinfor
7、cement,Deformed, for ConcreteA 615/A 615M Specification for Deformed and PlainBillet-Steel Bars for Concrete ReinforcementC33 Specification for Concrete AggregatesC 150 Specification for Portland CementC 497M Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Manhole Sec-tions, or Tile MetricC 595 Specification for Bl
8、ended Hydraulic CementsC 618 Specification for Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use as a Mineral Admixture inPortland Cement ConcreteC 822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and RelatedProductsC 989 Specification for Ground Granulated Blast-FurnaceSlag for Use in Concrete and Morta
9、rsC 1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete andShotcreteE 105 Practice for Probability Sampling of Materials3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms relating to con-crete pipe, see Terminology C 822.4. Basis of Acceptance4.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be determi
10、nedin accordance with Section 9. After the pipe design has beenaccepted, or if the pipe design has been accepted previously inaccordance with Section 9, the owner may select and haveapplied the basis of acceptance described in either 4.1.1 or4.1.2. Unless designated by the owner at the time of, or b
11、eforeplacing an order, either basis of acceptance shall be permitted.4.1.1 Acceptance on the Basis of Pipe Load and MaterialTests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for DefectsDetermine in accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and 10.NOTE 2It is necessary that samples be selected at random. Forguidance
12、 see Practice E 105.4.1.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Concrete Compression andMaterials Tests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe forDefectsDetermine in accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and11.1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 onConcrete Pipe and is the direct respon
13、sibility of Subcommittee C13.07 onAcceptance Specifications and Precast Concrete Box Sections.Current edition approved October 1, 2004. Published November 2004. Originallyapproved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C 655M02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.
14、astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 Ag
15、e for AcceptancePipe shall be considered ready foracceptance when they conform to the requirements.5. Design and Manufacturing Data5.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following informa-tion regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:5.1.1 Basis of acceptance.5.1.2 Pipe design strength.5.1.3 Ph
16、ysical CharacteristicsDiameter, wall thickness,laying length, and joint details.5.1.4 Design concrete strength; minimum f 8cequals 27.6MPa.5.1.5 Admixtures.5.1.6 Reinforcement:5.1.6.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcementspecification, and grade.5.1.6.2 Placement, placement tolerances, dia
17、meter, spacingand cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, andspecial reinforcement.5.1.7 Manufacturing and curing process.6. Materials and Manufacture6.1 Materials:6.1.1 Reinforced ConcreteThe reinforced concrete shallconsist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, andwater, in
18、 which steel has been embedded in such a manner thatthe steel and concrete act together.6.1.2 Cementitious Materials:6.1.2.1 CementCement shall conform to the requirementsfor portland cement of Specification C 150 or shall be portlandblast-furnace slag cement or Portland-pozzolan cement con-forming
19、to the requirements of Specification C 595, except thatthe pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolancement shall be fly ash.6.1.2.2 Fly AshFly ash shall conform to the requirementsof Specification C 618, Class F or Class C.6.1.2.3 Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS)GGBFS shall c
20、onform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120of Specification C 989.6.1.2.4 Allowable Combinations of CementitiousMaterialsThe combination of cementitious materials used inthe concrete shall be one of the following:(1) Portland cement only,(2) Portland blast furnace slag cement only,(3) Slag modifi
21、ed Portland cement only,(4) Portland pozzolan cement only,(5) A combination of Portland cement and fly ash, or(6) A combination of Portland cement and ground granu-lated blast-furnace slag(7) A combination of Portland cement, ground granulatedblast furnace slag (not to exceed 25% of the total cement
22、itiousweight), and fly ash (not to exceed 25% of the total cementi-tious weight).6.1.3 AggregatesAggregates shall conform to the require-ments of Specification C33, except that the requirement forgradation shall not apply.6.1.4 Admixtures and BlendsAdmixtures and blends shallbe allowed to be used un
23、less prohibited by the owner.6.1.5 Steel ReinforcementReinforcement shall consist ofwire conforming to Specification A82or Specification A 496,or of wire fabric conforming to Specification A 185 or Speci-fication A 497, or of bars of Grade 300 steel conforming toSpecifications A 615/A 615M.6.2 Manuf
24、acture:6.2.1 MixtureThe aggregates shall be sized, graded, pro-portioned, and mixed with such proportions of cementitiousmaterials and water as will produce a homogeneous concretemixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the testand design requirements of this specification.All concrete
25、shallhave a water-cementitious materials ratio not exceeding 0.53by weight. Cementitious materials shall be as specified in 6.1and shall be added to the mix in a proportion not less than 280kg/m3unless mix designs with a lower cementitious materialcontent demonstrate that the quality and performance
26、 of thepipe meet the requirements of this specification.6.2.2 Reinforcement:6.2.2.1 PlacementReinforcement shall be placed as indi-cated in 5.1.6.2, subject to the tolerances given in 8.2.2.Minimum design protective cover of concrete over the circum-ferential reinforcement in the barrel of the pipe
27、shall be 25 mmfor wall thicknesses of 63 mm or greater, and 19 mm for wallthicknesses less than 63 mm, subject to the tolerances given in8.2.2.6.2.2.2 SplicesThe strength of the pipe shall not beadversely affected by the splice.6.2.2.3 SpacingThe spacing center-to-center of adjacentrings of circumfe
28、rential reinforcement in a cage shall notexceed 100 mm for pipe with a wall thickness up to andincluding 100 mm and shall not exceed the wall thickness or150 mm, whichever is smaller, for larger pipe.6.2.3 JointsThe joints shall be of such design and the endsof the concrete pipe sections so formed t
29、hat when the sectionsare laid together they will make a continuous line of pipe witha smooth interior free of appreciable irregularities in the flowline, all compatible with the permissible variations given inSection 8.6.2.4 Lift HolesWhen agreed upon by the owner, lift eyesor holes shall be allowed
30、 to be provided in each pipe for thepurpose of handling.6.3 Synthetic FibersCollated fibrillated virgin polypropy-lene fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturersoption, in concrete pipe as a nonstructural manufacturingmaterial. Only Type III synthetic fibers designed and manufac-tured
31、specifically for use in concrete and conforming to therequirements of Specification C 1116 shall be accepted.7. Physical Requirements Physical Requirements7.1 StrengthThe design strength designation of the pipeshall be the D-load to produce the 0.3-mm crack when tested inaccordance with Test Methods
32、 C 497M. The relationship ofultimate strength D-load to the design strength D-load shall bedetermined using a factor of 1.5 for design strength designa-tions up to 100 N/mmm of diameter, a factor varying in linearproportion from 1.5 to 1.25 for design strength designationsfrom 100 N/mmm through 150
33、N/mmm, and a factor of 1.25for design strength designations in excess of 150 N/mmm.C655M04e12NOTE 3As used in this specification, the 0.3-mm crack is a testcriterion for pipe tested in three-edge bearing test and is not intended asan indication of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditio
34、ns.NOTE 4Ultimate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition isdependent on varying soil bedding factors and varying failure modes andshall not necessarily have a relationship to the ultimate strength as definedunder three-edge bearing conditions.7.2 Test Equipment and FacilitiesThe manufactu
35、rer shallfurnish without charge all samples, facilities, and personnelnecessary to carry out the tests required by this specification.7.3 Pipe Load TestsThe tests for crushing strength, whenrequired, shall be made in accordance with Test MethodsC 497M. When alternative methods of load testing are sp
36、eci-fied, tests shall be made in accordance with the alternativerequirements.8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations8.1 Standard DiametersPipe shall be manufactured in thestandard inside diameters listed in Table 1.NOTE 5Diameters other than those shown in Table 1 and diameterslarger than 3600 mm a
37、re possibly available. When such sizes are required,the owner should contact the manufacturers in the area.8.2 Design TolerancesExcept as specified in this section,all permissible design tolerances shall be given in Section 5.8.2.1 Diameter TolerancesPermissible variations in theinternal diameter ar
38、e as prescribed in Table 2.8.2.2 Reinforcement Placement TolerancesThe maximumvariation in the nominal position of the reinforcement shall be610 % of the wall thickness or 16 mm, whichever is greater.Pipe having variations in the position of the reinforcementexceeding those specified above shall be
39、accepted if thethree-edge-bearing strength requirements obtained on a repre-sentative sample are met. In no case, however, shall the coverover the circumferential reinforcement be less than 16 mm.8.2.3 Length of Two Opposite SidesVariations in thelaying length of two opposite sides of pipe shall not
40、 be morethan 6 mm for all sizes through 600 mm internal diameter, andnot more than 10 mm/m of internal diameter for all larger sizes,with a maximum of 16 mm in any pipe through 2100 mminternal diameter, and a maximum of 19 mm for 2250 mminternal diameter or larger, except where beveled-end pipe forl
41、aying on curves is specified by the owner.8.2.4 Length of PipeThe underrun in length of a section ofpipe shall not be more than 10 mm/m with a maximum of 13mm in any length of pipe.8.2.5 Wall Thickness TolerancesThe wall thickness shallbe not less than the nominal specified in the design given in5.1
42、.3.1 by more than 5 % or 5 mm, whichever is greater.Awallthickness more than that required in the design is not a causefor rejection, except that such pipe shall not be used for thetests required in 7.3.9. Acceptance of Design9.1 Acceptance by Tests of SpecimensThree to five repre-sentative specimen
43、s, or special test pipe that are shorter thanstandard production pipe, as agreed upon by the owner andmanufacturer, shall be tested to the 0.3-mm crack and toultimate strength and the results recorded. Compute the valuesin 9.1.1 and 9.1.2 for both the 0.3-mm crack and the ultimatestrength.9.1.1 Comp
44、ute the estimated standard deviation, s,byEq1or Eq 2, which equations yield identical values.s 5 =(Xi2 X!2#/n 2 1! (1)s 5 =(Xi22 (Xi!2/n/n 2 1! (2)where:Xi= observed value of the load to produce the 0.3-mmcrack (and the load to develop the ultimate strength),X= average (arithmetic mean) of the value
45、s of Xi, andn = number of observed values.9.1.2 Compute the minimum allowable arithmetic mean, Xs,by Eq 3. In Eq 3, the value of the estimated standard deviation,s, shall be as calculated by Eq 1 or Eq 2 or equal to 0.07L,whichever is greater.Xs5 L 1 1.07 s (3)where:L = specification limit (specifie
46、d D-load).9.1.3 The pipe design shall be acceptable if the arithmeticmean Xfor the 0.03-mm crack and ultimate strength is equal toor greater than the computed values of Xs, and if all the testedspecimens meet or exceed the specification limit.TABLE 1 Standard Designated Inside Diameter, mm300 600 90
47、0 1500 2100 2700 3300375 675 1050 1650 2250 2850 3450450 750 1200 1800 2400 3000 3600525 825 1350 1950 2550 3150TABLE 2 Permissible Variation in Internal DiameterDesignated Diameterof Pipe, mmPermissible Variation, InternalDiameter of PipeMinimum, mm Maximum, mm300 300 310375 375 390450 450 465525 5
48、25 545600 600 620675 675 695750 750 775825 825 850900 900 9251050 1050 10801200 1200 12301350 1350 13851500 1500 15401650 1650 16951800 1800 18501950 1950 20002100 2100 21552250 2250 23102400 2400 24652550 2550 26202700 2700 27702850 2850 29253000 3000 30803150 3150 32353300 3300 33903450 3450 35403
49、600 3600 3695C655M04e139.2 Alternative Acceptance MethodThe manufacturershall be allowed to request approval of designs based onempirical evaluations of the strength of the pipe including, butnot limited to, designs based on interpolation between designsapproved in accordance with 9.1, or designs evaluated on thebasis of tests other than the three-edge-bearing test method.Acceptance of design tests need not be performed for eachcontract or order.10. Acceptance of Pipe by Load Testing10.1 Lot SamplingWhen the acceptance is to
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